Mescaline extraction from San Pedro/peyote?

I thought I'd get a better response here than in the cacti vault. Anyways I was wondering if a few people could give me a few ways to extract mescaline from San Pedro or link to them, I can't face up to eating all that cactus again. Just a rough extraction would be fine, I'm not looking to get pure mescaline, mescaline plus some other alkoloids would be fine. I heard that soaking the chopped up cactus in alcohol would work, is this true? What strenght alcohol is needed? and How would I go about it? Also any other methods however simple or complex would be appreciated. Thanks a million. Stiney

(EDIT) Actually I am going a bit too far when i say no matter how complex, I just found an extraction on Lycaeum but I can't follow it, I never can on that site, I'm no chemist, so a little less complex than that would be good.

 

Acid-Base Extraction of Mescaline from San Pedro

Step 1: Aqueous Extraction

First, you need to prepare a "tea" from your cacti. If using dried cactus, powder it. If using fresh cactus, chop it to small pieces and then puree it in a blender. At this point, it is a good idea to weigh your cactus and record the weight. This will be helpful further on in the process. Put the cactus in your stainless steel pot and cover with just enough water to make a soup. Add some acid to make the pH of the soup fairly acidic. If using citric acid, you want to add about 3 grams per liter of water. Boil the cactus about 20 minutes. If you use sufficiently acidic water, there is no need to boil longer than this. After boiling, strain out the cactus chunks (the marc) and save the liquid. You want to do three acidic water extractions on the cactus. Combine the 3 liquids and toss the marc on your compost pile or dispose of it in some other non-wasteful manner. If the volume of liquid you have is large, you may want to boil it down to a more managable quantity.

Step 2: De-Fatting

Once cooled, the next step is to de-fat the solution. This step will remove the fats and many other non-alkaloidal plant matter. Make sure the solution is acidic (pH 4 is good) before doing this. If the solution is acidic, the alkaloids will be in a salt form which is soluble in water but not in xylene. Pour the solution into a glass jar (or separatory funnel, if available). Add 25-50% of the solution volume in xylene. For example, if you have 200ml of solution, add 50-100ml of xylene. Put the lid on the jar and gently turn the jar over 50 to 100 times. Do not shake the mixture vigorously as this could result in emulsions that will be difficult to separate. (If you do end up with an emulsion layer, which looks like a thin layer of poorly separated bubbles, bathing the jar in hot water can help separate the emulsion. If the emulsion layer is thin enough, you may wish to just discard it rather than taking the time to let it separate.) Once mixed, let the jar sit and separate out into the different layers. When this is done, you will have a top layer of solvent, a middle fatty layer, and a bottom layer containing the acidic aqueous solution (and the alkaloids).

If you are using a separatory funnel, drain out the bottom aqueous layer and throw away the top two layers. Alternatively, use a turkey baster to siphon off the top two layers and discard them. (Make sure you dispose of all solvents safely! Do not flush it down the toilet if you have a septic tank. If pouring it down a sewer-connecting drain, make sure to wash it down with large amounts of water.) You will likely find that the turkey baster only gets off most of the solvent and fat layers. To get the thin layer that the turkey baster can't get, try this trick. Siphon off all of the remaining solvent and fat layers, as well as some of the top of the aqueous layer. Put this liquid into a tall thin glass container (a graduated cylinder or test tube, for example), and let it separate back into layers. Then, use an eye dropper to get off the solvent and fat layers, then add the remaining aqueous solution back to the main jar.

There is one other possibile approach to separating the layers. Because xylene freezes at -47.7 degrees Celsius, a separation can be done in the freezer. Put the container in the freezer and let it sit for a few hours until the water has frozen solid. The xylene can then be poured off and discarded. I do not know if this will work for defatting, as I do not know the freezing point of cactus fats. If the fats freeze at freezer temperatures, it may not be possible to pour them off with the xylene. This freezing technique can certainly be used later on in steps 4 and 5 to separate the xylene and water layers, however.

Repeat the de-fatting process two more times, or until you no longer get a fatty layer after separation. Make sure that you have good ventilation through the whole de-fatting process (or any time you are working with xylene). If you begin to feel light-headed or nauseous, or get a headache, go outside immediately and breathe fresh air until you feel better. Also, make sure there are no open flames or sparks as xylene is quite flammable.

Step 3: Basification

After de-fatting, slowly add sodium hydroxide to the aqueous solution until the pH is up around 10. Rather than adding dry sodium hydroxide, it may be wise to prepare a solution of sodium hydroxide in water, and add this. Be careful when mixing the sodium hydroxide and water, as the mixture will cause an exothermic (heat producing) reaction. Do not prepare the mixture in heat-sensitive containers. When working with sodium hydroxide, remember that it is a highly caustic material and can burn you badly. Avoid contact, especially with the yes, and if any gets on you wash the spot immediately with plenty of water. It is highly recommended that you wear protective gloves and goggles when working with sodium hydroxide or other hazardous chemicals.

Be aware that once you do this step, you need to continue the extraction at least up through the xylene extraction because leaving the alkaloids in a strongly basic solution will cause them to start breaking down after several hours. Making the solution basic turns the alkaloids into their free base forms, which are soluble in xylene.

Step 4: Extraction of Free Bases

Once the solution is basic, xylene using the same ratio as used during the de-fatting process. Again, mix the solution thoroughly but gently to avoid emulsions. Let the solution sit, and it will separate out into two layers. On the bottom will be a basic aqueous solution, and on the top will be a xylene layer which now contains the alkaloids. Using either a separatory funnel or a siphoning process, collect the xylene layer and set it aside. Since there will still be significant alkaloids in the aqueous layer, repeat this process two more times. Combine all the xylene and discard the remaining aqueous solution.

If you are using a separatory funnel, gas may be formed when adding xylene to the basic solution. To prevent pressure from building up and potentially leading to an explosion, vent the separatory funnel occasionally. If you are using a jar, you should remove the lid.

Step 5: Salt Formation and Extraction

The next step is to add acidic water to the xylene. This will cause the alkaloids to convert to their salt forms, which are soluble in water but not xylene. If using hydrochloric acid from the hardware store, it will already be diluted and may be usable as is. Read the label to find the concentration. One source says, "HCl from the hardware store is generally between 24%-36% HCl. This is far from dilute. Indeed, upon opening the container, a visible plume of white vapor can be seen creeping out of the bottle. First the lungs start to burn, then any skin which is exposed to the air starts to sting... This should be diluted, especially if it is going to be worked with without a fume hood. 20 drops acid per 500ml of water may even be sufficient."

If using vinegar (acetic acid), it comes quite diluted (around 5%) and should be used as is. It would probably be best to use plain white vinegar. I do not know what else is in vinegar other than water and acetic acid, but it is likely other chemicals remain from the original wine, and this may affect your final product. There should not be any harmful products from using vinegar, since it is a food-safe product, but you may not get nice crystals after evaporation.

If using citric acid (which is the recommended choice), prepare a solution of citric acid powder with a small amount of water. I recommend using citric acid because unlike hydrochloric acid, it is food-safe and safe to handle, and unlike either hydrochloric acid or vinegar, it is available in pure form. I have been told that using hydrochloric or acetic acid has the advantage that both are volatile and that excess will evaporate off, unlike citric acid. However, since neither are easily available in pure form, it is still probably better to use citric acid. Beware that if you do use hydrochloric acid and let it evaporate, the fumes can be hazardous and the evaporation should not be done where you might breathe in the vapors.

For this step, it is useful to have some idea how much alkaloid should be in your cactus extract. If you weighed your cactus before extraction. Trichocereus pachanoi has been analyzed with mescaline contents of 0.025-0.12% fresh weight (0.331-2.0% dry weight). Mescaline is usually around 50% or more of total alkaloid content. You will want to add an equimolar quantity of acid to the solution.

If you can't or don't want to estimate the alkaloid content, Trout gives the following work-around: add very small quantities of acidic water to the xylene, let separate, and then collect the water layer. Check the pH of the water, and it should be neutral. Repeat this with small batches of acidic solution until the water layers come out acidic. Trout points out that "Something to keep in mind is that neutralization won't always be immediate. pH should be checked after a few minutes to see how it is, adjusted if needed and rechecked a few minutes later."

If you are using citric acid and you are not worried about having citric acid powder in the final product, you can just add enough acidic water to make the solution slightly acidic, and repeat this once or twice, then combine the extracted water layers. As citric acid is both food-safe and a solid powder, this is a sloppy but safe approach. Shulgin suggests that this may be a better approach than stopping when the water layers stop coming out neutral: "My gut feeling is that there may be quite a bit of alkaloid still in the xylene, and maybe a couple of extracts with more aqueous acid would be useful. True, it may load the product down with excess citric acid, but the increased yield might be worth it."

However you approach it, after the acidification and water extraction step, discard the xylene. Again, make sure to dispose of it in a safe manner.

Theoretically, this step could be skipped entirely, and you could just let the xylene evaporate. This would leave behind mescaline (and the other alkaloids) in free bas form, which is an oil. This is not recommended however, as mescaline oil is highly caustic and it would burn your skin to touch it. Since its an oil, it would also not be possible to put into capsules. Perhaps you could put the oil into some acidic fruit juice and safely drink it, but it is still preferable to go through this step to produce a salt form. Perhaps it may even be smokable, though I know of no reports of anyone trying to smoke (or vaporize, rather) free base cactus alkaloids. The boiling point for mescaline free base is around 180 degrees Celsius. One final concern is that free base mescaline oil may not have the shelf life of a salt.

Step 6: Evaporation

Finally, pour the water into a large pyrex baking pan. Set it in a protected location to evaporate. Let it evaporate slowly at room temperature rather than using heat, as this will give you a better chance of producing nice crystals. After the water has fully evaporated, scrape up the crystals (or whatever solid mass you end up with) and put them in capsules or a vial for storage.

Keep in mind that when measuring doses, there are a few things to consider. First, your extract will contain all the alkaloids from the cactus, not just the mescaline. Second, depending on what acid you used in step 5, you will have different salts of the alkaloids. For example, if you used citric acid, you will have mescaline citrate (as well as citrate salts of the other alkaloids). If you used vinegar, you will have mescaline acetate. If you used muriatic acid you will have mescaline hydrochloride. The doses of each will be slightly different, due to the different molecular weights of the different acids. Because of these factors, you will need to figure out the potency of your material before you can weigh doses accurately.

 

Wonderful writeup.

 

pretty good huh? it's not mine, it's by Prdy2GO from the Rhodium archive. It works quite well too.

 

I'm sure you know Polymer hehehehe!!!

 

Is there some reason xylene must be used, or would any NP work?

 

It's cool how you need basically the same instructions to extract alkaloids from every single plant source. Lower pH in water, add non-polar solvent, take just the water, raise pH & add non-polar solvent again, and VOILA you got yourself some alkaloids by themselves in a non-polar solvent.

 

xylene is particularly effective, because it's a good defatting agent. dcm and choloroform are NP solvents, but wouldn't be very nice to work with.... they sink to the bottom, xylene floats to the top.

 

^^Thanks.

 

hey, i have acouple questions about this extraction.


1. In step one i am planning to use hydrochloric acid, so exactly how acidic should i make the the water? What pH should it be?

2. I am do not completley understand step 5. Once again, i'll be using hyrdrochloric acid so what exactly should i do? What i got out of the description was that i should add as much diluted hydrochloric acid as there is mescaline as i think is in the solution. However, i am not confident that this is right, so any input would be appreciated.

3. How long does this extraction process ususally take?

4. Giving that I will be left with a mixture of about 50% Mescaline Hydrochloride and 50% Alkaloids, how many MG is one dose? I know that roughly 350mg of mesacline hydrochloride is a dose but when mixed with alkaloids does this amount decrease?

 

1. pH of about 3 (when you add base, take it to about 9)

2. "20 drops acid per 500ml of water may even be sufficient." (20 drops = about 1mL ...have a calculator nearby to do the math..the "water" is your cactus tea, the aqueous solution of raw material)

3. it'll take all day, so be patient, and do multiple extractions with solvent for good yields... the returns are well worth the effort and time you put in.

4. a normal dose of mesc. hcl somewhere around 250 - 350mg, but 500mg doses will probably give you really nice visuals. do multiple washings at the end, to recrystallize the mesc, making it more pure (so you don't have to worry about other impurities affecting the mass)

 

thanks, acouple more things...



2. "20 drops acid per 500ml of water may even be sufficient." (20 drops = about 1mL ...have a calculator nearby to do the math..the "water" is your cactus tea, the aqueous solution of raw material)

Ok, so i should dilute 26-34% HCL in distilled water (20 drops per 500ml), and add how much to the solution of xylene and alkaloids?

3. it'll take all day, so be patient, and do multiple extractions with solvent for good yields... the returns are well worth the effort and time you put in.

Is there any way i could do part of the extract one day and finish it another? If so how should i store the solution?

4. a normal dose of mesc. hcl somewhere around 250 - 350mg, but 500mg doses will probably give you really nice visuals. do multiple washings at the end, to recrystallize the mesc, making it more pure (so you don't have to worry about other impurities affecting the mass)

Yes, but should i take 500mg of the mesc./alkaloid compund giving me roughly 250mg of mesc. and 250 of the alkaloids, or should i take a gram giving me 500mg of mesc. and 500mg alkaloids?


Lastly, on average, how many grams of dried San Pedro cactus does it require to get one strong dose of extract, and how much on average does one fresh 3"x10"(-12") cactus weigh?

 

2. as much as it takes to lower the pH to about 3

3. yes. once it's sitting in xylene, it'll be pretty stable. you can continue it another day

4. there's no way of knowing for sure what the exact quantities of actual mescaline will be, without some sort of $100,000 analysis machine. use column cromatography for more purity, perhaps...other than that, weigh it and down the hatch.

 

do multiple washings at the end, to recrystallize the mesc, making it more pure (so you don't have to worry about other impurities affecting the mass)


How should i wash it and what should i wash it with??

 

ideally? chloroform.

but if you can't get that, use everclear.

put your end product on filter paper, put the filter paper in a funnel over a jar/beaker/, and pour warm chloroform (or alcohol) through it. pour the collected solvent into a glass baking dish and evaporate (have a fan blow over it). you'll now have reasonably pure mesc

 

ook thanks man, i promise this is the last question..


how hard is it to do this the first time and what are our chances of sucessfully getting a decent yield the first time?

 

if you're patient (as I mentioned), and attentive to the details, checking things like pH with litmus paper, it's as easy as brewing coffee. your yield depends on the amount of starting material, and the amount of extractions you do; 3 extractions from the same material should do nicely.
google: peruvianus powder
and start from there.

 

google: peruvianus powder
and start from there.
ok, i did and it didn't really help me.

pretty much what are the details i should know, i.e. I have no idea to use litmus pH paper. So what kind of cloth filters do you use? Just stuff like that, what brand/kind of supplies do you use to get good results?

also, if i use hydrochloric acid and do fuck up is tehre chance i could make anything dangerous to ingest? and you said peruvianus powder, shoud i use san pedro cacti or peruvianus cacti?

 

they're the same family of cactus, the peruvianus is just a more potent relative.
use cheese cloth if you're dealing with cactus flesh, or coffee filters with the powder.

pH paper comes with a color guide, buy it at a chemical supply store. anyone can buy pH paper. muriatic pool acid is about 32% hydrochloric acid, and works fine. just use about 40 drops for every pint of water, to make a decent diluted hcl solution