Warning: In some areas of the United States, manufacturing methamphetamine is punishable by a mandatory ten-year prison sentence. The Hip Forums does not advocate any illegal activities. Know the law in your area. Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture (3rd ed.) by Uncle Fester -------------------------------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION This book is the result of six years experience in the field of manufacturing methamphetamine. It contains virtually everything I know about the subject. There are a lot of secrets in this area, hence the title Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture. A thorough review of the scientific literature on this subject will show that the descriptions of this process are, at best, vague and imprecise, at worst, downright wrong. The Russian journals are especially unreliable. There are two reasons for this. First of all, the companies holding patents on the processes want to keep their trade secrets secure, so they disclose no more than is absolutely necessary to obtain their patents. Secondly, the articles written by university scientists cover the making of large numbers of compounds and so do not delve deeply into the details of making any particular one. This book fills the glaring gap in published scientific literature. The reader receives the benefit of my lengthy scientific education at expensive and prestigious universities and detailed knowledge of these processes that would otherwise be available only through tedious and expensive experiments. There is no magic involved, only good chemistry, and I show how underground chemists manufacture illegal drugs and get away with it. Skilled and successful underground chemists have usually taken a college level Organic Chemistry course, with lab, for at least one semester. In this lab, they get practice in distillation, extraction, and other skills involved in making methamphetamine. At the very least, they will go to a college bookstore and purchase the lab manual for the Organic Chemistry class. That book goes into some detail on how to distill, reflux, etc. While this book is not meant to encourage anyone to break the law, it does point out the ultimate futility of government prohibition of "controlled substances" by showing just how easily these substances can be manufactured. Underground drug manufacturers sometimes enjoy chipping into their own product. If there is one product which underground chemists can make, and also enjoy themselves, it is methamphetamine, the fuel that powered the Third Reich. They need have no fear of messing up their batches while under the influence of methamphetamine, unlike chemical garbage such as PCP. Legal methamphetamine is sold under such trade names as Desoxyn, Methedrine, etc. It is closely related both in structure and effects to regular amphetamine, called benzedrine and dexedrine. The difference between methedrine and benzedrine is that meth is more potent and its effect lasts a longer time. Meth is a potent stimulant similar in effect to cocaine, but much longer lasting. Where I come from, if people have a choice between coke and meth, they will choose meth, unless it's 2 AM. This is because meth is a much better bargain and can keep a man rolling through a hard day's work or a long night of play, or both. It sharpens the mind, allowing great amounts of mental work to be done quickly and error-free. It also sharpens one's reflexes to previously unknown levels, perfect for football. If you are planning to get into a fight, there is nothing better. It's not banned from boxing for nothing. The effects of meth on sexual function is a crap shoot. One day you will be a sexual athlete, the likes of which has never been seen this side of the porno flicks, the next you will be a complete failure. The odds in favor of athleticism are about 3 to 1, but can be improved by moderate alcohol consumption, and worsened by heavy drinking or immoderate use of meth. Poorly purified meth also has this drawback. The product should be distilled carefully. On the street, methamphetamine is known by such names as meth, crystal meth, crystal, speed, crank or wire. Most of the stuff on the street shows the telltale signs of sloppy lab work: yellow crystals, sticky crystals, or a tendency to soak up water from the air and melt. Back in the 60s, meth got a bad name because fools were shooting the stuff up constantly, starving themselves to death or getting hepatitis. This is how the slogan "speed kills" got started. If you do not have suicidal tendencies, accept the fact that your sinus cavities are close enough to your brain. You must also control your intake of meth. I would recommend no more than 50 milligrams (1/20 gram), no more than three times a week. Any more than this, and bad effects begin to appear, such as difficulty in thinking clearly, paranoid behavior and excessive weight loss leading finally to amphetamine psychosis, which quickly fades upon stopping consumption of amphetamine. Meth is not physically addicting, but since good effective stimulation is so enjoyable, it is habit-forming. People have been known to take extremely large doses, over a gram, and survive with no after effects, so overdoses are not a problem unless you have some underlying problem like a bad heart or hard arteries. I have some recommendations for underground chemists who consume their own product. First of all, they must eat well whether they feel like eating or not. Most people can stand to lose 10 pounds or so, but beyond that, forget it. It has been my experience that a few beers is usually all it takes to get a speed demon in the mood to eat. They'll probably need a few beers to get to sleep anyway, so they might as well take care of both things at once. I also recommend a 1/2 gram of phenylalanine per day. This is because meth works by releasing stores of norepinephrine from the brain, charging it up to new levels of activity. The amino acid phenylalanine is the starting material for making more norepinephrine, and a good supply of it will help refill spent stocks. They should also take a good mega-multi-vitamin with the minerals, selenium and zinc. They must not take methamphetamine closer than 6-8 hours before bedtime, or they will have to drink the bar dry to get to sleep. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- CHEMICALS AND EQUIPMENT -------------------------------------------------------------------------- The heart of the chemical laboratory is the set of glassware collectively called "the kit." It consists of several round bottom flasks, a claisen adapter, a still head with thermometer holder, a thermometer, a condenser, a vacuum adapter and a separatory funnel (sep funnel, for short). These pieces each have ground glass joints of the same size, so that the set can be put together in a variety of ways, depending on the process being done. For the production of quarter to third of a pound batches, 24/40 size ground glass joints are used. Also necessary are one each of the following sizes of round bottom flasks: 3000 ml, 2000 ml and 500 ml; and two each of 1000 ml and 250 ml. Two condensers are also required, both of the straight central tube variety, one about 35 cm in length, the other about 50 cm in length. Other glassware used are several 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, about 5 pieces of plain (not Pyrex) glass tubing about three feet long, and a Buchner filtering funnel with the filtering flask it fits into. All this glassware costs in the range of $600-$700, and is available at many scientific supply houses on a cash-and-carry basis. The best equipment supply house in the Midwest is Sargent-Welch in Skokie. Illinois. Another necessary piece of equipment is a source of vacuum for vacuum distillation and filtering the crystal product. Here there are two choices. each with its advantages and disadvantages. One choice is the aspirator, also called a water pump. It works by running tap water through it under good pressure, producing a vacuum in the side arm theoretically equal to the vapor pressure of the water being run through it (see Figure 1). For this reason, the best vacuum is obtained with cold water, since it has a lower vapor pressure. The vacuum is brought from the side arm to the glassware by an automotive type vacuum hose such as can be purchased at an auto parts store. The vacuum adapter and filtering flask each have nipples to which the other end of the hose is attached, making it possible to produce a vacuum inside the glassware. The top end of the aspirator is threaded so it can be threaded into the water source. Alternatively, the threaded head can be pushed inside a section of garden house and secured by a pipe clamp. The hose can then be attached to a cold water faucet. The bottom end of the aspirator, where the water comes out, is rippled and can also be pushed and clamped inside a section of garden hose leading to the drain. The aspirator is kept in an upright position and at a lower level than the glassware it serves. This is because water has a habit of finding its wav into the vacuum hose and running into the batch. Keeping the aspirator lower forces the water to run uphill to get into the glassware. The aspirator has the disadvantage that it requires constant water pressure flowing through it, or the vacuum inside the glassware draws water from it inside to make a mess of the batch. For this reason, only city water is used. And, unless the vacuum line is disconnected from the glassware before the water flow through the aspirator is turned off, the same thing will happen. The aspirator has these advantages: it flushes fumes from the chemicals down with the water flow, costs only about $10, and produces no sparks. A well-working aspirator produces a vacuum of 10 to 20 torr (2 to 3% of normal air pressure)(The unit "torr" means one milliliter of Mercury pressure. Normal air pressure is 760 torr.). The other choice for a source of vacuum is an electric vacuum pump, which costs about $200, not including the electric motor, purchased separately. To avoid the danger of sparks, the motor must be properly grounded. The pump has the advantage that it can be used in the country, where steady water pressure is not available. It also produces a better vacuum than the aspirator, about 5 torr, for faster and lower temperature distillation. It has the disadvantage of exhausting the chemical fumes it pumps into the room air, unless provision is made to pump them outside. The oil inside the pump also tends to absorb the vapors of ether or benzene it is pumping, thereby ruining the vacuum it can produce and making it necessary to change the oil. Another necessary piece of equipment is a single-burner-element buffet range with infinite temperature control. It is perfect for every heating operation and only costs about $20 at a department store. Finally, a couple of ringstands with a few Fisher clamps are used to hold the glassware in position. A number of troublesome yet futile laws have been enacted since the publication of the first edition of this book. On the federal level, phenylacetic acid and phenylacetronitrile are now restricted chemicals. See Federal Register, Section 1310.02 Section A, "listed precursor chemicals." This means that clandestine operators wishing to use these materials will either have to smuggle them in from abroad, or make them from simpler, noncontrolled materials. For this last option, see Organic Syntheses, Collective Volumes I, II, and III. Check the table of contents to find directions for making the desired substance. An even more noxious, yet similarly futile law has been enacted in California. Since this is bound to be the model for similar laws enacted throughout the country, let's examine it more closely. The most easily defeated part of the law concems the sale of chem lab equipment and chemicals. The law states that purchasers of equipment and/or chemicals in excess of $100 must present proper ID, and that the seller must save the bill of sale for inspection by officers of the law. Since most individual pieces of chem lab equipment go for less than $100, this law is gotten around by keeping one's equipment purchases under $100, and splitting up one's business between various suppliers. The five finger discount method while attending college chem lab courses is another option. Similarly, transfers between friends, and the old fashioned heist from well-stocked labs are other ways around this law. The most stringent section of the law is aimed primarily at production of meth, LSD, MDA and MDMA, PCP, and the barbiturates. Of those chemicals relevant to this book, it lists: phenylacetone, methylamine, phenylacetic acid, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, isosafrole, safrole, piperonal, benzyl cyanide, chlorephedrine, thionyl chloride, and N-methyl derivatives of ephedrine. This section of the law states that anyone wishing to purchase these chemicals must obtain a permit. Anyone wishing to obtain such a permit must submit two sets of his ten fingerprints to the authorities. It is interesting to note here that the over-the-counter stimulants which contain ephedrine sulfate or phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride are exempt from these restrictions. Dexatrim, and those mail order white crosses, have not been made illegal. The determined experimenter can easily extract the needed starting material out of the legal "stimulant" pills. A third, and less restricted, class of chemicals deals mainly with meth, and PCP. The chemicals of interest here are: sodium and potassium cyanide, bromobenzene, magnesium turnings (the last two also have PCP implications), mercuric chloride, sodium metal, palladium black, and acetic anhydride. For this class of chemicals, the law requires presentation of proper ID (i.e., state-issued photo ID) and calls for the seller to record said ID. The obvious ways around this section of the law are to do business in less nosy states, or to obtain false identification. Clandestine operators also need to know that the law allows the central scrutinizers to add chemicals to the lists without waming or approval. So the new precursors mentioned in this book could go on the lists of restricted chemicals at any time. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE LEUCKARDT-WALLACH REACTION: AN OVERVIEW -------------------------------------------------------------------------- The best way to produce batches of up to one-half pound in size is by the Leuckardt-Wallach reaction. It is one of the touchiest reactions there is, right up there with the Grignard reaction. The Leuckardt-Wallach reaction involves reacting a ketone with two molecules of a formamide to produce the formyl derivative of an amine, which is then hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid to produce the desired amine. In this case, the reaction is shown on page 14. There are several reviews of this reaction in the scientific literature, the best of them Crossley and More in the Journal of Chemistry (1949). The conditions which favor the production of high yields of fine quality products are as follows. There should be a small amount of formic acid in the reaction mixture, because it acts as a catalyst. It should be buffered by the presence of some free methylamine, to prevent the pH of the reaction mixture from falling too low (becoming too acidic). The presence of water in the reaction mixture is to be avoided at all costs, because this really messes up the reaction. It prevents the phenylacetone from dissolving in the N-methylformamide, leading to low yields of purple-colored crystal. The directions I give in a later chapter for making N-methylformamide give a product which is perfect for this reaction. It is also important that the reaction be done at the lowest temperature at which it will proceed smoothly, and that the heating be continued for as long as the reaction is still going. In this way nearly all the phenylacetone is converted to methamphetamine. There is one stumbling block in the path of underground chemists: in 1979, the DEA made phenylacetone illegal to purchase or possess. N-methylformamide is also risky to obtain, although it is not illegal and is used in industry as a solvent. However, they are both easy to make. And, because of these restrictions, the price of methamphetamine has gone above $100 per gram, while it costs only $1 or $2 per gram to make.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- PREPARATION OF PHENYLACETONE -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Phenylacetone, also known as methyl benzyl ketone, or 1-phenyl2-propanone, is easy but tedious to make. In this reaction, phenylacetic acid reacts with acetic anhydride with pyridine catalysts to produce phenylacetone plus carbon dioxide and water. In chemical writing: [Deleted] A Russian journal tells of using sodium acetate instead of pyridine, which would be great if it worked, because sodium acetate is much cheaper than pyridine. However, I have tried it and the results are unsatisfactory. Typical of those lying Commies. The reaction is done as follows: Into a clean, dry 3000 ml round bottom flask is placed 200 grams of phenylacetic acid, 740 ml of acetic anhydride and 740 nil of pyridine. This is done on a table covered with a sheet of newspaper, because phenylacetic acid, once it is exposed to the air, smells like cat urine, and the smell is next to impossible to get rid of. Pyridine also smells awful. The pyridine and acetic anhydride are measured out in a large glass measuring cup. The flask is then gently swirled until the phenylacetic acid is dissolved. The flask is then assembled with the 50 cm condensa and the vacuum adapter, as shown in Figure 2a. Before assembly, the joints are lightly greased with silicone based stop cock grease. This prevents the pieces from getting stuck together. All pieces should be clean and dry. The vacuum nipple of the vacuum adapter is plugged with a piece of tape. In the rounded section of the vacuum adapter is a plug of cotton, then about two teaspoons of Drierite (anhydrous calcium sulfate), then another plug of cotton. This makes a bed of Drierite which is prevented from falling into the flask by a ball of cotton. The purpose of this is to keep moisture from the air away from the reaction. Now the underground chemist is ready to begin heating the flask. Notice that in Figure 2b, the flask is in a large pan which sits on the buffet range. The pan is filled about half-full of cooking oil (Wesson works fine). This is so that the flask is heated evenly. The heat is turned about half-way to maximum, and the flow of cold water through the condenser is begun. A length of plastic or rubber tubing runs from the cold water faucet to the lower water inlet of the condenser. The cold water runs through the condenser and out of the top water exit, through another length of tubing to the drain. In this way, the rising vapors from the boiling pyridine are condensed and returned to the flask. A rate of water flow of about one gallon per minute is good. Within a half hour, the flask is hot enough to begin boiling. The heat is then turned down to stabilize the flask at a gentle rate of boiling. This is called a reflux. The boiling is allowed to continue for 7 hours. During this time, the reaction mixture turns from clear to brownish-red in color. Periodically, the rate of water flow coming out of the condenser is checked, because faucet washers tend to swell after a while and slow down the rate of water flow. After 7 hours, the heat is turned off. Twenty minutes after the boiling stops, the glassware is set up as shown in Figure 3. The cotton and Drierite are removed from the vacuum adapter. Then 4 pea-sized pieces are broken off a pumice foot stone (purchased at the local pharmacy). These are called boiling chips, because they cause liquids to boil faster and more evenly. They are added to the flask with the reaction mixture in it. But they are not added until 20 minutes after the boiling stops; otherwise they could produce a geyser of hot chemicals. Now the heat is turned back on, a little hotter than when refluxing the reaction mixture. Water flow to the condenser is resumed. The mixture soon begins boiling again and the vapors condense in the condenser and flow to the collecting round bottom flask. What is being boiled off is a mixture of pyridine and acetic anhydride. The phenylacetone remains behind in the distilling round bottom flask, because its boiling point is about 100 degrees Celsius higher than the pyridine and acetic anhydride. This process is called simple distillation. Distillation continues until 1300 ml has been collected in the collecting round bottom flask, then the heat is turned off. The 1300 ml is poured into a clean dry glass jug about one gallon in size which is then stoppered with a cork. At the end of this chapter, I will describe a process by which this pyridine is recycled for future use. Since pyridine is so expensive, this cuts production costs considerably. What is left in the distilling round bottom flask is a mixture of phenylacetone, some acetic anhydride and pyridine, and a high-molecular-weight, tarry polymer which is reddish-brown in color. The next step is to isolate and purify the phenylacetone. The flask is taken out of the hot oil and allowed to cool down. Three-quarters of a gallon of 10% sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) is needed. So a gallon-size glass jug is filled three-quarters full of cold water and about 10 ounces of sodium hydroxide pellets are added to it. A good quality lye, such as Red Devil or Hi-Test, is a substitute that saves a good deal of money and works fine. Eye protection is always worn when mixing this up. It is mixed thoroughly by swirling, or by stirring with a clean, wooden stick. The dissolution of NaOH in water produces a great deal of heat. It is allowed to cool off before the chemist proceeds. About 500 ml of the 10% NaOH is put in a 1000 ml sep funnel, then the crude phenylacetone mixture from the round bottom flask is poured in the sep funnel also. The top of the sep funnel is stoppered and mixed by swirling. When the funnel gets hot, it is allowed to set for a while. Then the mixing is continued, with the underground chemist working his way up to shaking the sep funnel, with his finger holding in the stopper. What he is doing is removing and destroying the acetic anhydride. Acetic anhydride reacts with the sodium hydroxide solution to prodbce sodium acetate, which stays dissolved in the water, never to be seen again. Some of the pyridine and red-colored tar also go into the water. The destruction of the acetic anhydride is what produces the heat. After it has cooled down, about 100 ml of benzene is added to the sep funnel and shaken vigorously for about 15 seconds. The sep funnel is unstoppered and allowed to sit in an upright position for about one minute. The liquid in the funnel will now have separated into two layers. On top is a mixture of benzene, phenylacetone, and red tar. On the bottom is the water layer, which has some phenylacetone in it. Pyridine is in both layers. Two 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks are placed on the table, one marked "A," the other marked "B." The stop cock on the sep funnel is opened, and the water layer is drained into B. The top layer is poured into A. B is poured back into the sep funnel, and 50 ml of benzene is added. The funnel is shaken for lS seconds, then the water layer is drained back into B. The top layer is poured into A. The purpose of this is to get the phenylacetone out of the water. Once again the water in B is put in the sep funnel. 50 ml of benzene is added, and shaken. The water is drained into B and the benzene layer poured into A. The water in B is poured down the drain and the contents of A put into the sep funnel along with 400 ml of 10% NaOH solution from the jug. After shaking, the water layer is drained into B and the benzene layer poured into A. The contents of B are put back in the sep funnel and 50 ml of benzene added. After shaking, the chemist drains the water layer into B and pours it down the drain. The contents of A are added to the funnel again, along with 400 ml of 10% NaOH solution; the funnel is shaken again. The water layer is drained into B and the benzene layer poured into A. The contents of B are returned to the sep funnel, along with 50 ml benzene, and shaken again. The water layer is poured into B and poured down the drain. The benzene layer is poured into A. The sep funnel is washed out with hot water. Now the last traces of pyridine are removed from the phenylacetone. For this purpose, some hydrochloric acid is needed. Hardware stores usually have the 28% strength sometimes called muriatic acid. A bottle in which the acid seems clear-colored is used; the ones with a green tint have been sifflng around too long. The contents of A are returned to the clean sep funnel. Then 10 ml of hydrochloric acid, mixed with 10 ml of water, is added to the sep funnel and shaken for 30 seconds. The stopper is pulled out to check whether or not the odor of pyridine has disappeared. If not, another 20 ml of the acid-water mix is added and shaken. The odor should now be gone, but if it is not, some more of the mix is added and shaken. Now 200 rnl of water is added and shaken. Flask A is rinsed out with hot water; the water layer is drained into B and poured down the drain. The benzene layer is poured into A. What has just been done is to convert the pyridine into pyridine hydrochloride, which dissolves in water, but not in benzene. It is now down the drain.
Finally, for one last time, the contents of A are returned to the sep funnel, along with 200 ml of the 10% NaOH solution. This is shaken and the water layer drained into B. The benzene layer is allowed to stay in the sep funnel for the time being; more water will slowly fall out to the area of the stop cock, where it can be drained out. It is now ready to be distilled, and stray water must be removed beforehand. The glassware is set up as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 shows a glass-packed fractionating column which an underground chemist can make himself. The claisen adapter is checked to make sure it is clean and dry. A clear glass beer bottle is washed out with hot water, then smashed on the cement floor. A few pieces are picked out that are small enough to fit in the lower opening of the claisen, yet big enough that they will not fall out of the bottom opening of the claisen adapter. Pieces of the broken bottle are dropped in the lower opening until that section of the claisen adapter is filled to about the level shown in the drawing. The chemist tries to get it to land in a jumbled pattern, as shown in the drawing. Then more similarly-sized pieces of glass are dropped in the upper opening of the claisen adapter until it is filled to the level shown. Again a jumbled pattern is striven for. The lower opening is then stoppered with the proper size of glass or rubber stopper. Finally, the outside is wrapped with a layer or two of aluminum foil, except for the ground glass joint. The underground chemist is now ready to distill the phenylacetone. First, here is some information on the process to be performed. The crude phenylacetone the underground chemist has is a mixture of benzene, phenylacetone, red tarry polymer, some water and maybe some dibenzyl ketone. These substances all have very different boiling temperatures. By distilling this mixture through a fractionating column, the chemist can separate them very effectively and get a highpurity product. The way it works is easy to understand. The vapors from the boiling mixture in the distilling flask rise up into the fractionating column and come into contact with the pieces of glass inside. Here the vapors are separated according to boiling point. The substance in the mixture with the lowest boiling point is able to pass on through, while the other substances are condensed and flow back into the distilling flask. This is why the pieces of glass in the column can't be tightly packed, as that would interfere with the return flow, leading to a condition called flooding. Once all of the lowest-boiling substance has been distilled, the substance with the next higher boiling point can come through the fractionating column. In the distillation process to be described, the order is as follows: benzenewater azeotrope, 68øC; benzene, 80-ø C; phenylacetone, 120-130-ø C (under a vacuum of about 20 torr). Why must the phenylacetone be distilled under a vacuum? Because its boiling point at normal pressure is 216ø C, which is much too hot. Distilling it at that temperature would ruin the product. By distilling it under a vacuum, it boils at a much lower temperature. The exact temperature depends on how strong the vacuum is; the stronger the vacuum, the lower the temperature. For example, at a vacuum of 13 torr, the boiling point goes down to about 105ø C. The glassware is set up as shown in Figure 5. The distilling flask is no more than 2/3 full. If the underground chemist has more crude phenylacetone than that, he has to wait until some of the benzene has distilled off, then turns off the heat, waits until the boiling stops and adds the rest of it to the distilling flask. The glassware should be clean and dry. A faster way of drying glassware after washing is to put it in the oven at 400øF for 20 minutes. Rubber stoppers do not go in the oven. Water tends to stay inside round bottom flasks dried in this way. SO, while they are still hot, the chemist takes a piece of glass tubing and puts it inside the flask. He sucks the moist air out of the flask with the glass tubing before it has a chance to cool down and condense. For the distillation, two 250 ml round bottom flasks are needed, one to collect the benzene in, the other to collect the phenylacetone in. Five boiling chips are put in the distilling flask. The heat source is turned on, to the low range, about 1/4 maximum. Water must be flowing through the shorter condenser at about one gallon per minute. When the mixture has begun boiling, the heat is adjusted so that about one or two drops per second drip into the collecting flask. The temperature on the thermometer should say about 68øC. For accurate temperature readings, the tip of the thermometer extends into the stillhead to the depth shown in Figure 6. The material distilling at 68øC is the benzene-water azeotrope. It is about 95% benzene and 5% water. It is milky white from suspended droplets of water. Once the water is all gone, pure benzene is distilled at about 80øC. It is clear in color. If the liquid in the collecting flask is not clear or white in color, then undistilled material is being carried over from the distilling flask. This is caused either by having the distilling flask too full or by having the heat turned too high. In either case, the chemist must correct accordingly and redistill it. Once the temperature reaches 85øC on the thermometer, or the rate of benzene appearing in the collecting flask slows to a crawl, the heat is turned off because the chemist is ready to vacuum distill the phenylacetone. There is a problem that is sometimes encountered while distilling off the benzene. Sometimes the benzene in the distilling flask will foam up in the distilling flask instead of boiling nicely. These bubbles refuse to break and they carry undistilled material along with them to the collecting flask, leaving a red liquid over there. This cannot be allowed to happen. One effective method of dealing with this is to turn on the water supply to the aspirator at a slow rate so that a weak vacuum is produced. Then the vacuum hose is attached to the vacuum adapter and a weak vacuum produced inside the glassware. This causes the bubbles to break. Every few seconds, the vacuum hose is removed, then reattached. In a while, the benzene begins to boil normally and the vacuum can be left off. After it has cooled off, the collected distilled benzene is poured into a labeled glass bottle. It can be used again in later batches of phenylacetone. The same 250 ml round bottom flask is reattached to the collecting side, and the vacuum hose attached to the vacuum adapter. The vacuum source is turned on. If an aspirator is being used, the water is turned all the way on. All the pieces of glassware must be fitted snugly together. A strong vacuum quickly develops inside the glassware. The heat is turned on to about i/3 maximum. The boiling begins again. At first, what distills over are the last remnants of benzene and water left in the distilling flask. Then the temperature shown on the thermometer begins to climb. The phenylacetone begins to distill. When the thermometer reaches 1009 C, the vacuum hose is removed and the collecting 250 ml flask is replaced with the clean, dry 250 ml flask, then the vacuum hose is reattached. If a good vacuum pump is being used, the flasks are changed at about 809 C. This flask changing is done as fast as possible to prevent the material in the distilling flask from getting too hot during the change over. If it gets too hot, it distills too rapidly when the vacuum is reapplied, resulting in some red tar being carried over along with it. So the vacuum is reapplied, and the phenylacetone is collected. With a properly working aspirator, the phenylacetone will all be collected once the temperature on the thermometer reaches 140-1SOQ C. With a good vacuum pump, it will all come over by the time the temperature reaches 110-llSQ C. Once it is all collected, the heat is turned off, the vacuum hose is removed from the vacuum adapter and the vacuum source is turned off. The yield is about 100 ml of phenylacetone. It should be clear to pale yellow in color. It has a unique but not unpleasant smell. The flask holding this product is stoppered and stored upright in a safe place. Although phenylacetone can be stored in a freezer, to keep it fresh, the chemist now proceeds to making N-methylformamide. Once the distilling flask has cooled down, the glassware is taken apart and cleaned. The red tar left in the distilling flask and the fractionating column is rinsed out with rubbing alcohol. Then hot soapy water is used on all pieces. A long, narrow brush comes in handy for this. One last word about vacuum distillation. To keep the vacuum strong, the vacuum hose is no more than three feet long. This forces the chemist to do the distilling close to the source of the vacuum. Now for that pyridine recycling process I mentioned earlier in this chapter. After the underground chemist has made a few batches of phenylacetone, he will have accumulated a fair amount of pyridineacetic anhydride mixture in the gallon-sized glass jug. He will now fractionally distill it to recover the pyridine from it. The clean dry glassware is set up as shown in Figure 7. It has a long-column fractionating column instead of the short type just used. This is because pyridine and acetic anhydride are harder to separate, so a longer column is needed to do the job. The distilling flask is a 3000 ml round bottom flask with 5 boiling chips in it. The chemist pours 2000 ml of the acetic anhydride-pyridine mixture into it. The heat is turned on to about 1/3 maximum and the cold water is started flowing slowly through the condenser. Within a half hour, the mixture will begin to boil. A couple of minutes later, the vapors will have worked their way through the fractionating column and hegin appearing in the 2000 ml collecting flask. The heat source is adjusted so that it is collecting at the rate of one or two drops per second. Distilling is continued until 1000 ml have accumulated in the collecting flask. If the temperature reading on the thermometer goes above 135øC, the heat is turned down a little to slow the rate of distillation. Once 1000 ml has been collected, the heat is turned off and it is allowed to cool down. After it is cool, the distilling flask is removed and its contents (mainly acetic anhydride) poured down the drain. The contents of the collecting flask (mainly pyridine) are poured into a clean, dry 2000 ml round bottom flask with 5 boiling chips, or 5 boiling chips are simply added to the 2000 ml round bottom flask that the pyridine collected in and that flask is put on the distilling side in place of the 3000 ml flask. A clean, dry 1000 ml round bottom flask is put on the collecting side. The heat is turned back on and in a while the distilling begins again. As before, the rate of distillation is adjusted to one or two drops per second. The distillation is continued until 750 ml of pyridine has been collected. Sometimes it does not keep well, but so long as it is used to make another batch of phenylacetone within a few hours after it is made, this pyridine works just as well as new pyridine.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- PREPARATION OF N-METHYLFORMAMIDE -------------------------------------------------------------------------- N-methylformamide is best made by the reaction of methylamine with formic acid. The reaction proceeds like this: [SNiP] The methylamine (a base) reacts with formic acid to form the methylamine salt of formic acid. The heat that this reaction builds up then causes this intermediate salt to lose a molecule of water and form N-methylformamide. Since water is a product of this reaction, the underground chemist warts to keep water out of his starting materials as far as is possible. That is because having less water in them will shift the equilibrium of the reaction in favor of producing more N-methylformamide. Both of the starting materials have water in them. The usual grade of formic acid is 88% pure and 12% water. It cannot be made any purer by distilling. The chemist can put up with the 12% water, but if a higher purity formic acid is available, it is worth the extra cost. The usual grade of methylamine is 40% by weight in water. The majority of this water can be removed by using the apparatus shown in Figure 8. Methylamine may also be obtained as a gas in a cylinder. In that case, the methylamine can be piped directly into the formic acid. The glassware is set up as shown in Figure 8. The 40% methylamine is in a 1000 ml round bottom flask attached to a long condenser. In the top of this condenser is a one-hole stopper. A bent piece of glass tubing is pushed all the way through this stopper so that the end of the piece of tubing extends about one or two millimeters below the bottom of the stopper. This bent piece of tubing then extends down through the center of the other condenser into the flask containing the formic acid. It should extend below the surface of the formic acid and end about one centimeter above the bottom of the flask containing the formic acid. The idea here is simple. The 40% methylamine is heated, causing methylamine gas to be boiled out along with some water vapor. These gases then travel up the condenser, where the water is condensed out, allowing nearly pure methylamine gas to be forced by pressure through the glass tubing into the formic acid. The bent tubing has to be bent by the chemist himself from a 3-foot-long piece of glass tubing. Its outer diameter should be about 1/4 inch. The glassware is set up as shown in Figure 8 and he decides about where the tubing should be bent. If necessary, he will consult the chapter on bending glass in an Organic Chemistry lab manual. With a little practice, it is easy. A good source of flame to soften up the glass is a propane torch with the flame spreader attachment. After it is bent, he will blow through the tubing to make sure he did not melt it shut. He is now ready to proceed. All pieces of glassware are clean and dry. Into the round bottom 1000 ml flask sitting on the heat source is placed 500 grams (about 500 ml) of 40% methylamine in water, along with 3 or 4 boiling chips. Into the other 1000 ml round bottom flask is placed 250 ml of 88% formic acid. Water flow is begun through the longer condenser. It is advantageous to use ice cold water in this condenser, because it will then do a better job of removing water vapor from the methylamine. A good way to get ice cold water for the condenser is to get a couple of 5-gallon pails. One of them is filled with ice cubes no bigger than a fist and topped off with water. Then the section of plastic tubing that runs to the lower water inlet of the condenser is placed in the pail. Its end is weighted to keep it on the bottom of the pail. This pail is placed on the table along with the glassware. The other pail is placed on the floor and the plastic tubing from the upper water exit of the condenser is run to this pail. By sucking on the end of the water exit tubing, the ice cold water can be siphoned from the pail on the table, through the condenser, to the pail on the floor. The rate of water flow can be regulated to about one gallon per minute by putting a clamp on the tubing to slow its flow. When the pail on the table is about empty, the water that has flowed to the pail on the floor is returned to the table. The heat on the methylamine is turned on to about i/4 maximum. Soon the methylamine begins boiling out and moving through the tubing into the formic acid. The underground chemist checks for gas leaks in the system by sniffing for the smell of escaping methylamine. If such a leak is detected, the joint it is escaping from is tightened up. The methylamine bubbling into the formic acid produces a cloud of white gas inside the flask containing the formic acid. It makes its way up to the condenser, then returns to the flask as a liquid. For this condenser, tap water flow is fine. The rate of methylamine boiling is adjusted so that the white gas does not escape out the top of the condenser. As more methylamine is boiled out, a higher heat setting is required to maintain the same rate of methylamine flow. In this process, the formic acid gets very hot. It must get hot to produce good yields of N-methylformamide. It sometimes gets hot enough to boil a little bit (105øC), but this is no problem. As the chemist continues bubbling methylamine into the formic acid, its volume increases until it is double its starting volume, about 500 ml. At about this time, the cloud of white gas thins and then disappears. This white gas is formed by the fumes of formic acid reacting with methylamine above the surface of the liquid formic acid. It disappears because there is no longer much formic acid left. The chemist now begins checking to see if the reaction is complete. He pulls out one of the stoppers from the 3-necked flask that contains the N-methylformamide and sniffs the escaping fumes for the odor of methylamine. He does this periodically until he smells methylamine. Once he smells it, he turns off the heat on the methylamine. When the methylamine stops bubbling into the N-methylformamide, he immediately lowers the level of the 3-necked flask so that the bent glass tubing is above the surface of the N-methylformamide. This is done because, as the methylamine cools, it will contract and create a vacuum which would suck the N-methylformamide over into the other flask in a flash, ruining his work. Both flasks are allowed to cool down. The methylamine is almost gone, so it can be poured down the drain. The next step is to fractionally distill the N-methylformamide. The glass-packed claisen adapter is used as the fractionating column. The glassware is set up as shown in Figure 5, back in Chapter 3. The distilling flask is a 1000 ml round bottom flask with 5 boiling chips in it. The collecting flask is a 250 ml round bottom flask. Unlike the distillation of phenylacetone, in this case the distillation is done under a vacuum from the beginning. The ice water siphoning system is used for the condenser, because N-methylformamide has a very high latent heat of vaporization, and, without this precaution, it may collect very hot in the collecting flask. The underground chemist is now ready to distill the N-methylformamide. All of the crude product is put in the 1000 ml round bottom flask. It will fill it about half full. The vacuum is applied at full strength, and the heat source is turned on to 1/3 to 1/2 maximum. The water in the mixture begins distilling. The temperature shown on the thermometer will show a steady climb during the process. In a while, the temperature rises high enough that the chemist can begin collecting the distilled liquid as suspected N-methylformamide. If he is using an aspirator, he begins collecting in a clean, dry 250 ml round
bottom flask when the temperature reaches 95-100øC. If he is using a good vacuum pump, he begins saving the distilled material at about gSQ C As the N-methylformamide distills, the temperature rises a little bit above the temperature at which he first began collecting the N-methylformamide, then holds steady. This temperature is noted. Distilling is continued until he has collected 100 ml. Then the heat is turned off. When the boiling stops, the vacuum hose is disconnected from the glassware. During the distillation process, a fair amount of methylamine was lost, leaving the N-methylformamide with too much formic acid. The next step is to correct this problem. The 100 ml of N-methylformamide that has been distilled is poured back in the distilling flask with the undistilled material. The distilled material is clear, while the undistilled material has turned yellow from the heat of distilling. The glassware is set up again as shown in Figure 8. This time, the round bottom flask holding the methylamine is a 500 ml flask. It has 100 ml of fresh 40% methylamine in water in it. The bent glass tubing leads into the flask containing the N-methylformamide. This flask does not need to have a condenser on it. The heat is turned on the methylamine and the flow of ice water through its condenser is begun. Soon the methylamine gas is bubbling into the N-methylformamide, reacting with the excess formic acid in it. Within about 10 seconds, the odor of methylamine can be detected above the N-methylformamide. The heat is turned off, and when the bubbling stops, the level of the N-methylformamide is lowered so that it is not sucked into the other flask. Once the methylamine has cooled off, it can be poured back in with the good me~ylamine, because it is not exhausted. Once a bottle of methylamine has been opened, it should be reclosed tightly and the cap sealed with vinyl electrical tape in order to hold in the methylamine gas. Now the N-methylformamide is to be distilled again. The glassware is set up again for fractional distillation as shown in Figure 5. The distilling flask is a 500 ml round bottom flask, while the collecting flask is 250 ml. All pieces are clean and dry. The N-methylformamide is placed inside the distilling flask with 5 boiling chips. (Fresh chips are used every time.) The vacuum is reapplied and the heat is turned on again to 1/3 to 1/2 maximum. A little bit of water is again distilled. The temperature shown on the thermometer climbs as before. When it reaches a temperature 7øC below the temperature at which it leveled off the first time around, the chemist begins collecting in a clean dry 250 ml flask. The distilling continues until it has almost all distilled over. About 10 or 1S ml is left in the distilling flask. If he is using an aspirator, the chemist makes sure that no water is backing into the product from the vacuum line. The yield is about 250 ml N-methylformamide. If he gets a little more, it won't all fit in the 250 ml collecting flask. If that happens, he pours what has collected into a clean dry Erlenmeyer flask and continues distilling. N-methylformamide is a clear liquid with no odor. The N-methylformamide the underground chemist has just made is perfect for the Leuckardt-Wallach reaction. Because he began collecting it 7 degrees below the leveling off temperature, it contains a mixture of N-methylformamide, formic acid and methylamine. To get good results, he uses it within a few hours after distilling it. References Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 53, page 1879 (1931). -------------------------------------------------------------------------- MAKING METHAMPHETAMINE -------------------------------------------------------------------------- I explained the general theory behind this reaction in Chapter 2. Now, after doing the reactions described in the previous two chapters, the underground chemist has phenylacetone and N-methylformamide suitable for making methamphetamine. He will want to get going before the chemicals get stale. The first thing he does is test the chemicals. He puts 5 ml of phenylacetone and 10 ml of N-methylformamide in a clean dry test tube or similar small glass container. Within a few seconds they should mix together entirely. At this point, he may offer a prayer to the chemical god, praising his limitless chemical power and asking that some of this power be allowed to flow through him, the god's High Priest. He may also ask to be delivered from the red tar that can be the result of this reaction. If they do not mix, there is water in the Nmethylformamide. In this case, he must distill it again, being more careful this time. Having tested the chemicals, he is ready to proceed with the batch. (However, if the underground chemist was reckless enough to obtain N-methylformamide ready made, he will have to distill it under a vacuum before it can be used in this reaction.) The phenylacetone he made (about 100 ml) is mixed with the N-methylformamide. The best amount of N-methylformamide to use is about 250 ml, but any amount from 200 to 300 ml will work fine. With 200 ml of N-methylformamide, there are about four molecules of N-methylformamide to one of phenylacetone. This is the bare minimum. With 300 ml, the ratio is nearly six to one. Any more than this is a waste of N-methylformamide. The best flask for mixing them is a 500 ml round bottom flask. After they are mixed, this flask is set up as shown in Figure 9. The flask is sitting in an oil bath, to supply even heating to the flask. The oil (once again, Wesson is a good choice) should extend about 2/3 of the way up the side of the flask. A metal bowl makes a good container for this oil bath. This is better than a pan, because it will be important to see into the flask. The fact that the oil will expand when heated is kept in mind when filling the bowl with oil. A thermometer is also needed in the oil bath to follow its temperature. The test material is added to the flask. The heat source to the flask is turned on. A low heat setting is used so that the rise in temperature can be closely controlled. The thermometer used in the distillations is placed (clean and dry) inside the flask. The rise in temperature of both the oil bath and the flask is monitored. The contents of the flask are stirred regularly with the thermometer. The temperature of the oil bath is brought to lOOQ C over the course of about 45 minutes. Once it reaches this level, the heat is turned back down a little bit to stabilize it in this area. The chemist must closely control every degree of temperature increase from here on. The temperature of the contents of the flask is worked up to 105g C. The
contents of the flask are stirred every 15 minutes. At about lOSQ C, the reaction kicks in, although sometimes the heat must go as high as 110g C before it starts. When the reaction starts, the contents of the flask begin to bubble, sort of like beer, except that a head does not develop. A trick to get this reaction going at a nice low temperature is to gently scrape the thermometer along the bottom of the flask. Although I have never had the sophisticated equipment to prove it, it is a pet theory of mine that this is because ultrasonic waves are generated, producing a condition of resonance with the reactants that causes the reaction to start. The chemist wants to keep the temperature down at the same level at which the reaction first kicked in for as long as the reaction will continue at that level. Generally, it can go for a couple of hours at this level before the reaction dies down and an increase in temperature is necessary. The reaction mixture has the same color as beer and gently bubbles. The bubbles rise up from the bottom of the flask, come to the surface, and then head for where the thermometer breaks the surface. Here they collect to form bubbles about 1 centimeter in size before they break. This may look like boiling, but it is not. Everything inside the flask has a much higher boiling point than the temperatures being used. These are actually bubbles of carbon dioxide gas being formed as by-products of the reaction. The chemist can tell how well the reaction is going by the amount of bubbling going on. When the rate of bubbling slows down to almost stopping, it is time to raise the temperature. It should only be raised about 3g C. This requires turning up the heat only slightly. The highest yield of product is obtained when the lowest possible temperature is used. For the duration of the reaction, the contents of the flask are stirred with the thermometer every half hour. And so the reaction is continued. As the reaction dies down at one temperature setting, the temperature is raised a few degrees to get it going again. It will be able to stay in the 1209 to 130Q C range for a long time. The reaction has a lot of staying power in this range. Finally, after 24 to 36 hours, 140Q or 145Q C is reached. The reaction stops. The chemist takes his time working up to this temperature because the amount and quality of the product depends on it. Once 140ø to 145ø C is reached and the reaction stops, the heat is turned off and the contents allowed to cool down. It should still look like beer. A reddish tint means that his prayer failed and he was not delivered from the tar. Even so, there's still lots of good product in it. While it is cooling down, the underground chemist gets ready for the next step in the process. He is going to recover the unused methylamine for use in the next batch. This cuts his consumption of methylamine to about half of what it would be without this technique. What he is going to do is react the unused N-methylformamide with a strong solution of sodium hydroxide. The N-methylformamide is hydrolyzed to form methylamine gas and the sodium salt of formic acid (sodium formate). In chemical writing, this reaction is as follows: [SNiP] The methylamine gas produced is piped into formic acid to make N-methylformamide for use in the next batch. First, 6 ounces (about 180 grams) of sodium hydroxide pellets are added to 450 ml of water. A good quality lye is an acceptable substitute. Eye protection is worn. Once the solution has cooled down, it is poured in a 2000 ml round bottom flask with 5 boiling chips. Then all of the methamphetamine reaction mixture is poured into the flask along with it. It is swirled around a little bit to try to get some of the N-methylformamide dissolved into the water. This does not accomplish much, however, as the reaction mixture floats on the sodium hydroxide solution. The glassware is set up as shown in Figure 8 in Chapter 4. The 2000 ml flask containing the NaOH solution and the methamphetamine reaction mixture sits on the heat source. The bent piece of glass tubing once again leads to a 1000 ml round bottom flask equipped with a condenser. The 1000 ml flask once again contains 250 ml of 88% formic acid. The heat source is turned on to about 1/3 maximum. The flow of ice water through the long condenser is begun. In a while, the boiling chips float up to the interface of the sodium hydroxide solution and the reaction mixture, and some bubbling and frothing of the reaction mixture begins. The heat is turned down some, since the temperature of the mixture should rise slowly from now on. That is because the hydrolysis reaction forming methylamine tends to kick in all at once, if this precaution is not taken, leaving the chemist in a dangerous situation with a runaway reaction. After the first rush of the reaction has subsided and the bubbling of the methylamine into the formic acid has slowed down, the heat applied to the 2000 ml flask is increased to maintain a good rate of methylamine flow to the formic acid. Eventually, all the methylamine will be boiled out. This will be when methylamine no longer flows evenly into the formic acid. The flask must not be heated so strongly that water is forced through the bent glass tubing. The heat is turned off and the level of the flask containing formic acid is lowered so that the acid is not sucked back into the other flask. This formic acid is about half reacted with methylamine. When it has cooled down, it is poured in a tall glass bottle and kept in the freezer until the next batch is made, when it is used for the production of Nmethylformamide. Since it is already half reacted, the amount of methylamine used is reduced accordingly. Meanwhile, back in the 2000 ml flask, the methamphetamine reaction mixture is about 100 ml in volume and has a red color. It floats above the sodium hydroxide solution. Once it has cooled down, the contents of this flask are poured into a 1000 ml sep funnel. The sodium hydroxide solution is drained out and thrown away. The red methamphetamine formyl amide is poured into a 500 ml round bottom flask with 3 boiling chips. 200 ml of hydrochloric acid is measured out. (The 28% hardware store variety is fine for this purpose.) It is poured into the sep funnel and swirled around to dissolve any product left behind in the sep funnel. Then it is poured into the 500 ml flask with the product. When swirled around, they mix easily. The glassware is set up as shown in Figure 2b in Chapter 3. Tap water flow is proper for use in the condenser. The heat is turned on to the 500 ml flask, and a gentle rate of boiling is maintained for 2 hours. The mixture quickly turns black. The reaction going on here is metharnphetamine formyl amide reacting w~th hydrochloric acid to produce methamphetamine hydrochloride and formic acid. This is a hydrolysis reaction.
After the two hours have passed, the heat to the flask is turned off. While the flask is cooling down, 80 grams of sodium hydroxide and 250 ml of water are mixed in a 1000 ml round bottom flask. Once again, a good quality lye is acceptable. If the 35% laboratory grade of hydrochloric acid was used in the last step, then 100 grams of sodium hydroxide is mixed with 300 ml of water. When both flasks have cooled down, the black reaction mixture is cautiously added to the sodium hydroxide solution. It is added in small portions, then swirled around to mix it. They react together quite violently. The reaction here is sodium hydroxide reacting with hydrochloric acid to produce table salt, with formic acid to produce sodium formate, and with methamphetamine hydrochloride to produce methamphetamine free base. When the sodium hydroxide solution gets very hot, the chemist stops adding the reaction mixture to it until it cools down again. After all the black reaction mixture has been added to the sodium hydroxide solution, there is a brown liquid layer floating above the sodium hydroxide solution. This brown layer is methamphetamine free base. It also has a good deal of unreacted methamphetamine hydrochloride dissolved in it. This latter has to be neutralized because it will not distill in its present form. The 1000 ml flask is stoppered and shaken vigorously for 5 minutes. This gets the methamphetamine hydrochloride into contact with the sodium hydroxide so it can react. The bottom of the flask is full of salt crystals that cannot dissolve in the water because the water is already holding all the salt it can. The chemist adds 100 ml of water to the flask and swirls it around for a few minutes. If that does not dissolve it all, he adds another 100 ml of water. After the flask has cooled down, it is poured into a 1000 ml sep funnel, and 100 ml of benzene is added. The sep funnel is stoppered and shaken for 15 seconds. It is allowed to stand for a couple of minutes, then the lower water layer is drained into a glass container. The brown methamphetamine-benzene layer is poured into a clean, dry 500 ml round bottom flask. The water layer is extracted once more with 100 ml benzene, then thrown away. The benzene layer is poured into the 500 ml flask along with the rest of the methamphetamine. The chemist is now ready to distill the methamphetamine. He adds three boiling chips to the 500 ml round bottom flask and sets up the glassware for fractional distillation as shown in Figure 5. The 500 ml flask sits directly on the heat source. The glass-packed claisen adapter is the proper fractionating column. The collecting flask is a 250 ml round bottom flask. Tap water is used in the condenser. The heat source is turned on to 1/4 to 1/3 maximum. Soon the mixture begins boiling. The first thing that distills is benzene water azeotrope at 68ø C. Then pure benzene comes over at 80øC. Once again, as in the distillation of phenylacetone, foaming can sometimes be a problem. In that case, it is dealt with in the same way as described in Chapter 3. When the temperature reaches 85øC, or the rate of benzene collecting slows to a crawl, the heat is turned off and the flask allowed to cool down. The collected benzene is poured into a bottle. It can be used again the next time this process is done. The same 250 ml flask is put on the collecting side. The distilling flask is now cool, so vacuum is applied to the glassware at full strength. The last remnants of benzene begin to boil, and the heat is turned back on to 1/3 maximum. The temperature begins to climb. If an aspirator is being used, when the temperature reaches 80-ø C, the chemist quickly removes the vacuum hose and replaces the 250 ml flask with a clean dry one. If he is using a good vacuum pump, he makes this change at about 70øC. The flask change is done quickly to avoid overheating in the distilling flask. The methamphetamine distills over. With an aspirator, the chemist collects from 80øC to about 140ø or 150ø C, depending on how strong the vacuum is. With a vacuum pump, he collects to about 120ø or 130øC. Once it has distilled, the heat is turned off and the vacuum hose disconnected. The product is about 90 ml of clear to pale yellow methamphetamine. If the chemist is feeling tired now, he may take out a drop on a glass rod and lick it off. It tastes truly awful and has a distinctive odor, somewhat biting to the nostrils. He is now ready to make his liquid methamphetamine free base into crystalline methamphetamine hydrochloride. Half of the product is put into each of two clean dry 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. The chemist now has a choice to make. He can use either benzene or ethyl ether as the solvent to make the crystals in. Benzene is cheaper, and less of it is needed because it evaporates more slowly during the filtering process. Ether is more expensive, and flammable. But since it evaporates more quickly, the crystals are easier to dry off. If ether is used, it is anhydrous (contains no water). A third choice is also possible for use as a crystallization solvent. This is mineral spirits available from hardware stores in the paint department. Mineral spirits are roughly equivalent to the petroleum ether or ligroin commonly seen in chem labs. Those brands which boast of low odor are the best choice. Before using this material it is best to fractionally distill it, and collect the lowest boiling point half of the product. This speeds crystal drying. Since the choice of mineral spirits eliminates ether from the supply loop, the clandestine operator may well go this route. Toluene is also an acceptable solvent. With the solvent of his choice, the chemist rinses the insides of the condenser, vacuum adapter and 250 ml flask to get out the methamphetamine clinging to the glass. This rinse is poured in with the product. Solvent is added to each of the Erlenmeyer flasks until the volume of liquid is 300 ml. They are mixed by swirling. A source of anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas is now needed. The chemist will generate his own. The glassware is set up as in Figure 10. He will have to bend another piece of glass tubing to the shape shown. It should start out about 18 inches long. One end of it should be pushed through a one-hole stopper. A 125 ml sep funnel is the best size. The stoppers and joints must be tight, since pressure must develop inside this flask to force the hydrogen chloride gas out through the tubing as it is generated.
Into the 1000 ml, three-necked flask is placed 200 grams of table salt. Then 35% concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to this flask until it reaches the level shown in the figure. The hydrochloric acid must be of laboratory grade. Some concentrated sulfuric acid (99-98%) is put into the sep funnel and the spigot turned so that 1 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid flows into the flask. It dehydrates the hydrochloric acid and produces hydrogen chloride gas. This gas is then forced by pressure through the glass tubing. One of the Erlenmeyer flasks containing methamphetamine in solvent is placed so that the glass tubing extends into the methamphetamine, almost reaching the bottom of the flask. Dripping in more sulfuric acid as needed keeps the flow of gas going to the methamphetamine. If the flow of gas is not maintained, the methamphetamine may solidify inside the glass tubing, plugging it up. Within a minute of bubbling, white crystals begin to appear in the solution. More and more of them appear as the process continues. It is an awe-inspiring sight. In a few minutes, the solution becomes as thick as watery oatmeal. It is now time to filter out the crystals, which is a two-man job. The flask with the crystals in it is removed from the HC1 source and temporarily set aside. The three-necked flask is swirled a little to spread around the sulfuric acid and then the other Erlenmeyer flask is subjected to a bubbling with HC1. While this flask is being buWled, the crystals already in the other flask are filtered out. The filtering flask and Buchner funnel are set up as shown in Figure 11. The drain stem of the Buchner funnel extends all the way through the rubber stopper, because methamphetamine has a nasty tendency to dissolve rubber stoppers. This would color the product black. A piece of filter paper covers the flat bottom of the Buchner funnel. The vacuum is turned on and the hose attached to the vacuum nipple. Then the crystals are poured into the Buchner funnel. The solvent and the uncrystallized methamphetamine pass through the filter paper and the crystals stay in the Buchner funnel as a solid cake. About 15 ml of solvent is poured into the Erlenmeyer flask. The top of the flask is covered with a palm and it is shaken to suspend the crystals left clinging to the sides. This is also poured into the Buchner funnel. Finally, another 15 ml of solvent is poured over the top of the filter cake. Now the vacuum hose is disconnected and the Buchner funnel, stopper and all, is pulled from the filtering flask. All of the filtered solvent is poured back into the Erlenmeyer flask it came from. It is returned to the HC1 source for more bubbling. The Buchner funnel is put back into the top of the filtering flask. It still contains the filter cake of methamphetamine crystals. It will now be dried out a little bit. The vacuum is turned back on, the vacuum hose is attached to the filtering flask, and the top of the Buchner funnel is covered with the palm or a section of latex rubber glove. The vacuum builds and removes most of the solvent from the filter cake. This takes about 60 seconds. The filter cake can now be dumped out onto a glass or China plate (not plastic) by tipping the Buchner funnel upside-down and tapping it gently on the plate. And so, the filtering process continues, one flask being filtered while the other one is being bubbled with HC1. Solvent is added to the Erlenmeyer flask to keep their volumes at 300 ml. Eventually, after each flask has been bubbled for about seven times, no more crystal will come out and the underground chemist is finished. If ether was used as the solvent, the filter cakes on the plates will be nearly dry now. With a knife from the silverware drawer, the cakes are cut into eighths. They are allowed to dry out some more then chopped up into powder. If benzene was used, this process takes longer. Heat lamps may be used to speed up this drying, but no stronger heat source. The yield of product is about 100 grams of nearly pure product. It should be white and should not get wet, except in the most humid weather. It is suitable for any purpose. It can be cut in half and the underground chemists will still have a better product than their competition. But they will not cut it until a few days have passed, so that their options are not limited should one of the problems described in the next few paragraphs arise. Here are some of the common problems that arise with the crystals, and how they are dealt with. To spot these possible problems, the crystals are first left on the plate to dry out, and then transferred to glass jars or plastic baggies. Yellow Crystals. This is caused by not properly rinsing off the crystals while in the Buchner funnel, or not using enough solvent to dissolve the methamphetamine in the Erlenmeyer flasks. To whiten them up, they are allowed to soak in some ether in a glass jar, then filtered again. Yellow Stinky Crystals. The smell takes a few days to develop fully. They are left alone for 5 days, then soaked in ether and filtered again. The smell should not return. (The problem is caused by heating the reaction mixture above the 145øC upper limit.) Crystals Refuse To Dry. This can especially be a problem using benzene as a solvent. It can also be a problem on very humid days. The crystals are placed in the clean, dry filtering flask, the top is stoppered and vacuum applied at full strength for 15 minutes. Warming the outside of the filtering flask with hot water while it is under vacuum speeds the process. Crystals Melt. Here the crystals soak up water from the air and melt. This is usually caused by raising the temperature of the reaction too rapidly, or by collecting too much high boiling material during the distillation. First, they are put into the filtering flask and a vacuum applied to dry them out. They are soaked in ether and filtered. If this doesn't cure the problem, cutting the material to 50% purity should take care of it. Crystals Are Sticky. Here the crystals seem covered by a thin layer of oily material, causing them to stick to razor blades, etc. The problem is dealt with in the same way as melting crystals. Crystals Fail to Form. This problem occurs during the process of bubbling HCl into the methamphetamine. Instead of forming crystals, an oil settles to the bottom of the flask. This is generally caused by incomplete hydrolysis of the formyl amide. Perhaps it didn't mix with the hydrochloric
acid. It is put in a flask and the solvent boiled off under a vacuum. Then 200 ml of hydrochloric acid is added and the process is repeated, starting from the hydrolysis of the formyl amide of methamphetamine. The 35% laboratory grade of hydrochloric acid is used. In the event of melting or sticky crystals, cutting is first tried on a small sample of the crystals to see if that will solve the problem. If it does not, then a recrystallization must be resorted to. This is done by dissolving the crystals in the smallest amount of warm alcohol that will dissolve them. 190-proof grain alcohol, 95% denatured alcohol, or absolute alcohol may be used. Then 20 times that volume of ether is added. After vigorous shaking for three minutes, the crystals reappear. If not, more ether is added, followed by more shaking. After being filtered, the crystals should be in good shape. A technique which may be used in especially stubborn cases is to dissolve the crystals in dilute hydrochloric acid solution, extract out the oily impurities with benzene, and then isolate the methamphetamine. This is done as follows: For every 100 grams of crystal, 200 ml of 10% hydrochloric acid is prepared by mixing 60 ml of 35% hydrochloric acid with 140 ml of water. The crystals are dissolved in the acid solution by stirring or shaking in the sep funnel. 100 ml of benzene is added to the solution in the sep funnel, which is then shaken vigorously for about 2 minutes. The lower layer is drained out into a clean beaker. It contains the methamphetamine. The benzene layer is thrown out. It contains the oil grunge which was polluting the crystals. The acid solution is returned to the sep funnel and the acid neutralized by pouring in a solution of 70 grams of sodium hydroxide in 250 ml of water. After it has cooled down, the mixture is shaken for 3 minutes to make sure that all the methamphetamine hydrochloride has been converted to free base. Then 100 ml of benzene is added and the mixture shaken again. The lower water layer is drained out and thrown away. The benzene-methamphetamine solution is distilled as described earlier in this chapter. Then, as described earlier in this chapter, dry hydrogen chloride gas is bubbled through it to obtain clean crystals. (Hydrogen chloride gas must be made in a well-ventilated area; otherwise, it will get into the chemist's lungs and do real damage.) There is an alternative method for converting amphetamine free base into the crystalline hydrochloride. It is based on the method that South American cocaine manufacturers use to turn coca paste into cocaine hydrochloride. This method does not give the really high quality crystals that the bubble through method gives, but its use is justified when really big batches are being handled. In this alternative procedure, the free base is dissolved in two or three volumes of acetone. Concentrated hydrochloric acid (37%) is then added to the acetone while stirring until the mixture becomes acid to litmus paper. Indicating pH paper should show a pH of 4 or lower. The hydrochloride is then precipitated from solution by slowly adding ether with stirring. It will take the addition of 10 to 20 volumes of ether to fully precipitate the hydrochloride. Toluene or mineral spirits may be substituted for the ether. Then the crystals are filtered out using a Buchner funnel as described before, and set aside to dry. The filtrate should be tested for completeness of precipitation by adding some more ether to it. References Journal of Organic Chemistry, Volume 14, page 559 (1949). Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 58, page 1808 (1936); Volume 61, page 520 (1939); Volume 63, page 3132 (1941). Organic Syntheses, Collective Volume II, page 503. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- INDUSTRIAL-SCALE PRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the previous five chapters, I described a process by which underground chemists make smaller amounts of methamphetamine, up to about one-half pound of pure methamphetamine. The process takes about three days with two people working in shifts around the clock. Thus, the maximum production level is stuck at one pound per week. There is a way to break through this production limit, which is to produce phenylacetone and turn it into methamphetamine by different methods. These methods produce more in less time, and they are cheaper. Two of them, the tube fumace and the hydrogenation bomb, are major engineering projects. But they are no problem for those with a Mr. Handyman streak. However, underground chemists will not move up to industrialscale production until they are sure that they are going to be able to sell it without having to deal with strangersðunless, of course, they want to get busted. One major difference in the logistics of a large-scale operation versus a smaller one is that a different source of chemicals is required. An outlet that specializes in pints and quarts of chemicals is not going to be much help when multi-gallons are needed. Here a factor comes into play which cannot be taken advantage of at lower levels of production. Most chemical suppliers will not deal with individuals, only with corporations and companies. Now the underground chemist can turn this situation to his advantage by means of subterfuge. First he develops a false identity. He gets some of the books on false ID andðAbracadabra!ðhe's Joe Schmoe. He uses this identity to form several companies. If he wants to be official, he consults the book, How to Forrn Your Own Corporation For Under 50 Dollars, available in most libraries. Otherwise, he just has some invoice-order forms printed up for his company. He may also open a checking account for his company to pay for chemicals. He uses checks with high numbers on them so that they don't think that he just appeared out of thin air. As an alternative, he may pay with certified checks from the bank. The next step is to rent some space as his company headquarters and chemical depot. Indeed, he'll probably rent a couple such depots to house hisvarious companies. Now he starts contacting chemical dealers, ordering enough of one or two chemicals to last for a couple of years. Then he contacts another dealer and orders a similar quantity of one or two other chemicals under a different company name. He continues this process until he has everything he needs. He offers to pick them up so that they do not
see the dump he's rented as his headquarters. As a precaution, he equips these dumps with a phone and answering machine so that they can call him back. If he doesn't live in a large city, he does business out of town. That way they won't be surprised that they never heard of him. But he does not do business too far away from home base, so they won't wonder why he came so far. There is a better strategy to follow in getting the equipment and chemicals needed for clandestine meth production. The best method to use is to first order the equipment and a couple of the most suspicion arousing chemicals. Then the underground operator lays low for a while. The narco swine have a habit of going off half-cocked on their search warrants. If the initial purchases caught their eyes, they will likely swoop right in, planning on finding an operating lab, or at least enough to make a conspiracy charge stick. If they move now, the meth meister will not be prosecutable, so long as he does not admit guilt. An alternative narco swine strategy would be for them to initiate intense surveillance upon Joe Schmoe. So long as Joe is not brain dead, this will be pretty obvious after awhile. If surveillance is noticed, it is time to put the plan into a deep freeze, and consider the initial purchases a long term investment rather than a quick payoff. If Joe is able to get the most sensitive materials unnoticed, it is then time to quickly get the more mundane items needed and immediately turn to the production end of the operation. When it is time for the underground chemist to pick up the chemicals, he uses a pick-up or van registered in Joe Schmoe's name. As a precaution, he equips his vehicle with a radio scanner. He buys the book, U.S. Government Radio Frequencies, and tunes the scanner to pick up the FBI, the DEA, the state and local police. He picks up the chemicals and returns with them to his headquarters and depot. He takes a roundabout route to make sure he isn't being followed. Two tricks he may use to detect a tail are to turn into a dead-end street and to drive either too fast or too slow. He leaves Joe's vehicle at the depot and takes a roundabout route home. He stops at a few bars and leaves by the back exit. A very common, and quite stale trick is for the narco swine to place a radio tracing device in the packing materials surrounding jugs of chemicals purchased by suspected drug manufacturers. All items purchased should be carefully inspected during the drive away from the point of purchase. If such a device is found, it is cause for clear thinking action, rather than panic. While using such a device, the heat will usually lay quite far back on their pursuit to avoid being noticed. They will rely on the transmitter to tell them where you are going. It is best not to smash such a transmitter, but rather keep it in hand, and toss it into the back of another pickup truck at a stoplight. This is then followed by putting the plan into a deep freeze until the heat grows bored with you. The next thing the underground chemist needs is a laboratory location. A country location makes any surveillance very obvious and keeps chemical smells out of the way of nosy neighbors. Electricity and running water are absolutely necessary. Now he loads the chemicals onto Joe's wheels and heads for the laboratory in a very roundabout manner, keeping an eye open for any tail and paying close attention to the scanner. He leaves the scanner at the lab for entertainment in the long hours ahead. A nice addition to any underground laboratory is a self-destruct device. This consists of a few sticks of dynamite armed with a blasting cap, held inside an easily opened metal can. The purpose of the metal can is to prevent small accidental fires from initiating the self-destruct sequence. If Johnny Law pays an uninvited visit to his lab, the underground chemist lights the fuse and dives out the window. The resulting blast will shatter all the glass chemical containers and set the chemicals on fire. This fire will destroy all the evidence. He keeps his mouth shut and lets his lying lawyer explain why the blast happened to come at the same time as the raid. He has no reason to fear the state crime lab putting the pieces of his lab back together. These guys learned their chemistry in school and are truly ignorant when it comes to the particulars of a well-designed lab. The feds, on the other hand, have a higher grade of chemist working for them, but they are tiny individuals who are haunted by nagging self doubt, wondering why after obtaining a Ph.D., they are just faceless cogs in a machine. To compensate for this, they will claim to make great discoveries of the obvious. Case in point is an article published in the Journal of Forensic Sciences. This is a petty journal published by Johnny Law where the aforementioned tiny individuals can stroke their egos by getting published. In an article covering the lithium in ammonia reduction of ephedrine to meth production method featured in this third edition of my book, the unnamed tiny, frustrated chemists trumpeted "we found that a nitrogen atmosphere to protect the reaction was unnecessary, contrary to the claims of the authors who said it was essential." The authors to which they refer here are Gary Small and Arlene Minnella, legitimate scientists who were published in a legitimate scientific journal, the Journal of Organic Chemistry. In their article covering the lithium in ammonia reduction of benzyl alcohols, they used really tiny batches that might actually need a nitrogen atmosphere to protect them, and in no place claimed that it was essential. See the Journal of Organic Chemistry article cited in Chapter 15 of this book. It was obvious that the steady boiling away of liquid am monia would form its own protective gas blanket when done on a scale corresponding to real meth production. They further went on to nitpick the purification procedure used by the real scientists, claiming it was unnecessary. Everyone who reads the journals knows that it is unnecessary. This is just the protocol that has been followed by research scientists for the past god-knows-howmany ages. They just do this so that if they get unexpected results in their research, they will know that it is not due to impurities in the reaction mix. To make a great discovery out of finding that these rigorous purification schemes are not needed for practical production methods just shows how shallow these people are. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- PHENYLACETONE FROM B-KETO ESTERS -------------------------------------------------------------------------- In this chapter, I will cover two separate but similar methods of making phenylacetone. Neither of them is actually suitable for industrial-scale production, but they have the advantage of not using phenylacetic acid. This allows an underground chemist to diversify the chemicals used, and enables him to defeat a blockade on his phenylacetic acid supply. Neither of these reactions is foolproof; both require a certain amount of laboratory skill. The chemicals must be weighed and
measured fairly exactly. This is unlike the method described in Chapter 3, where anything within a ballpark range will work. These methods require a reliable scale. Both of these reactions use sodium metal, which is some nasty stuff. It reacts violently with water to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. It will also react with air. The chemist never touches it intentionally; if he does touch it, he washes it off with warm water. Sodium metal comes in a can, covered with a bath of petroleum distillate. This is to protect it from water and air. As long as it stays covered, it causes the chemist no problems. In this reaction, sodium metal is reacted with absolute alcohol to make sodium ethoxide (NaOCH2CH3). Ethyl acetoacetate and bromobenzene are then added to this to produce a beta keto ester. Reaction with acid then produces phenylacetone. A side reaction which sometimes becomes a problem is bromobenzene reacting with beta keto ester to produce di-phenylacetone. This can be controlled by not using too much bromobenzene, adding it slowly and stirring it well. Figure 12 shows the glassware used. The glassware must be very dry, so it is dried out in the oven for an hour or so. If the sep funnel has a plastic valve, the valve is taken out before the sep funnel is put in the oven. The magnetic stirring bar does not go in the oven either. It is coated with Teflon, so it does not have any water on it. A magnetic stirrer is necessary to do this reaction, because good stirring is very important. An extra claisen adapter is needed for this reaction; one is filled with broken pieces of glass for use as a fractionating column, the other is kept as is for use in the Figure 12 apparatus. To begin, the underground chemist puts a bed of Drierite in the vacuum adapter as shown in Figure 2a, being sure to plug up the vacuum nipple. The water lines are attached to the condenser and cold water started flowing through it. But if it is humid, the water flow is not started until the glassware is assembled. The can of sodium is opened. A chunk about the size of a medium egg is needed. The chemist selects a convenient corner of the block of sodium to work on. With a clean, sharp knife, he scrapes off any discolored skin there might be in the area he plans to use. Good clean sodium has a bright metallic look. He keeps the block under the petroleum as he scrapes the discolored skin. Now he must weigh the sodium. A 100 ml beaker is filled halffull of the petroleum distillate from the can of sodium, or with xylene. He puts it on the scale and weighs it. He needs 34.5 grams of sodium metal, so with a clean sharp knife. he cuts off a chunk of sodium, transfers it to the beaker and weighs it. If it is not quite 34.5 grams, he cuts a little more sodium and adds it to the beaker. This is done quickly, so that evaporation of the petroleum does not throw the measurement off. Then another 100 ml beaker is filled half-full of anhydrous ethyl ether. The sodium metal is transferred to it with a spoon. The petroleum is poured back in with the block of sodium and the can sealed up so that it does not evaporate. With a clean sharp knife, the sodium is cut up into little pieces about 1/2 the size of a pea. The sodium is kept under the ether while this is being done. Eye protection is always worn when working with sodium. After the sodium is cut up, the magnetic stirring bar is put in the 2000 ml flask. Then the sodium metal pieces are scooped out with a spoon and put in the 2000 ml flask. The glassware is immediately assembled as shown in Figure 12. One liter (1000 ml) of absolute ethyl alcohol is measured out. Absolute alcohol absorbs water out of air, so this is done rapidly. Here's how. The chemist gets a quart beer bottle, marks on the outside how full one liter is, and bakes the bottle in the oven to dry it out. When he takes it out of the oven, he sucks the hot, moist air out of it with a section of glass tubing. Once it has cooled down, he fills it with one liter of absolute alcohol and stoppers it to keep it dry. He wants to get the alcohol in with the sodium before the ether on it evaporates, and this saves him the time of measuring it out. About 200 ml of the absolute alcohol is put in the sep funnel and the valve opened to allow the alcohol to flow down onto the sodium metal. Cold water should be flowing through the condenser. Magnetic stirring is not necessary at this time, but the 2000 ml flask is sitting in a large pan. A pail of cold water and a towel are kept handy. Sodium and alcohol react together vigorously, and the alcohol boils like crazy. The condenser is checked to see how far up the alcohol vapors are reaching. The chemist does not want the alcohol vapors to escape out the top of the condenser. If the vapors are making it more than halfway up the condenser, cold water is poured from the pail into the pan the flask is sitting in. That cools it off and slows down the boiling. But if that does not do enough, the wet towel is put on top of the flask. When the boiling slows down, the towel and the pan of water are removed, then more alcohol is added to the sep funnel. A fresh ball of cotton is put in the top of the sep funnel to protect the alcohol from water in the air. The alcohol is added to the flask at such a Mte that the boiling of the alcohol continues at a nice Mte. When all of the original one liter of absolute alcohol has been added to the flask, the flask is gently heated on the hot plate to keep the alcohol boiling until the little pieces of sodium are dissolved. If the chemist has done a very good job, the result is a clear solution. If not, it will be milkycolored. The magnetic stirring is now begun, and 195 grams (190 ml) of ethylacetoacetate is put in the sep funnel over the next 15 minutes. The solution is heated to a gentle boiling. As it is boiling and stirring, 236 grams of bromobenzene is put in the sep funnel and dripped into it over a period of an hour. The boiling and stirring is continued for 8 hours. Then the stirring is stopped and the solution allowed to cool down. A good amount of sodium bromide crystals settle to the bottom of the flask. When they have settled to the bottom, the glassware is taken apart and as much of the alcohol solution as possible is poured into a 3000 ml flask. The last of the product is rinsed off the sodium bromide crystals by adding about 50 ml of absolute alcohol to them, swirling around the mixture, then filtering it. This alcohol is added to the alcohol in the 3000 ml flask. The glassware is set up as shown in Figure 3 in Chapter 3. A 1000 ml flask is used as the collecting flask. The alcohol in the 3000 ml flask is heated. The oil in the pan is not heated above 115ø C. The distillation is continued until the chemist has collected over 900 ml of alcohol in the
collecting flask. When the alcohol has been boiled out, the heat is turned off and the flask removed from the pan of oil. As it is cooling off, 1500 ml of 5% sodium hydroxide solution is mixed. To do this, 75 grams of sodium hydroxide is put in a flask and 1400 ml of water added. (Lye may be used as a sodium hydroxide substitute.) When both the sodium hydroxide solution and the reaction mixture near room temperature, the sodium hydroxide solution is poured into the 3000 ml flask with the reaction mixture. The magnetic stirring bar is put into the flask and magnetic stirring is begun. It is stirred fast enough that a whirlpool develops in the mixture and the~beta keto ester gets into contact with the sodium hydroxide solution. The stirring is continued for 4 hours without heating the solution. The beta keto ester reacts with the sodium hydroxide to produce the compound shown above, plus ethyl alcohol. This is a hydrolysis reaction. After 4 hours of stirring, the stirring is stopped and the solution allowed to sit for a few minutes. A small amount of unreacted material will float up to the top. If there is a large amount of unreacted material, the stirring is begun again and 40 grams of sodium hydroxide and 300 ml of isopropyl rubbing alcohol are added. It is stirred for 4 more hours. But generally this is not necessary. The unreacted layer is poured into a 1000 ml sep funnel. A good deal of the sodium hydroxide solution will be poured off with it. The chemist lets it sit for a few minutes, then drains the sodium hydroxide solution back into the 3000 ml flask. The oily unreacted material is poured into a small glass bottle and kept in the freezer. When a good amount of it has accumulated, the chemist tries reacting it again with 5% sodium hydroxide solution. However, this will not yield very much more product, because most of this oily material is the diphenylacetone byproduct. The underground chemist is now ready to produce phenylacetone. The compound shown above will react with sulffiuric acid to produce phenylacetone and carbon dioxide gas. He mixes up 150 ml of 50% sulffiuric acid. To do this, he adds slightly more than 55 ml of sulfuric acid to slightly less than 105 ml of water; if he added more sodium hydroxide and alcohol to his reaction mixture, he mixes up twice as much 50% sulfuric acid. The stirrer in the 3000 ml flask containing the sodium hydroxide is started up again. Then the 50% sulffiuric acid is slowly added to it. It will bubble out carbon dioxide like crazy and crystals of sodium sulfate will be formed. Phenylacetone will also be formed, some of it floating on the surface of the solution, some of it trapped among the crystals formed. When all of the sulffiuric acid has been added, and the bubbling of carbon dioxide has slowed down to just about stopping, the stirring is stopped. The glassware is set up as shown in Figure 3. The collecting flask is 2000 ml. The 3000 ml flask is slowly heated to boiling. The steam carries the phenylacetone along with it to the other flask. This process is called a steam distillation. The distilling is continued until a little more than 1000 ml is in the collecting flask. By then, almost all the phenylacetone will be carried over into the collecting flask. There will be two layers in the collecting flask, a yellow layer of phenylacetone on top, and a clear water layer. There will be some acid dissolved in the water. Forty grams of sodium hydroxide is dissolved in 150 ml of water, then added to the 2000 ml flask. The flask is stoppered and shaken for one minute to destroy the acid. Then 100 ml of benzene is added to the flask and it is shaken some more. The phenylacetonebenzene layer is poured into a 1000 ml sep ffiunnel and allowed to sit for a couple of minutes. Then the water layer is drained off back into the 2000 ml flask. The phenylacetone layer is poured into a 500 ml flask along with a few boiling chips. Then 100 ml of benzene is added to the 2000 ml flask, which is shaken again for about 30 seconds before it is allowed to sit for a few minutes. The benzene layer is poured into the 1000 ml sep funnel and allowed to sit for a couple of minutes. The water layer is drained out, and the benzene layer is poured into the 500 ml flask with the rest of the phenylacetone. The glassware is set up as shown in Figure 5 and the phenylacetone distilled as described in Chapter 3. The yield is about 125 ml of phenylacetone. (For more information on this reaction, see Organic Reactions, Volume 1, published in 1942, page 266.) There is another way to make phenylacetone which is better than the method just described. It does not take as long to do, and it is somewhat simpler. As in the first method, the reactants must be measured out carefully. In this case, the main reactant is benzyl cyanide, also called phenylacetonitrile or alpha-tolunitrile. Benzyl cyanide is now a controlled substance precursor, and so must be made. Benzyl cyanide is not outrageously poisonous like sodium cyanide. It is an organic cyanide, called a nitrile. As long as the chemist doesn't drink the stuff, he's OK. It is a somewhat smelly liquid, clear in color. This reaction is done similarly to the first method described in this chapter. First a solution of sodium ethoxide is made, then ethyl acetate is added, mixed in with benzyl cyanide. This produces a solid called phenylacetacetonitrile. This solid is then added to sulfuric acid, and phenylacetone is produced. The same glassware as shown in Figure 12 is used, except that a 3000 ml round bottom flask is used. It is dried out in the oven. Now a sodium ethoxide solution is produced in the same way as described earlier in this chapter. The chemist starts with a chunk of clean sodium metal that weighs 128 grams. It is weighed out in a 300 ml beaker half-filled with petroleum distillate or xylene, as described earlier. Then the sodium metal is transferred to another beaker halffilled with anhydrous ether and chopped into small pieces with a clean knife. Then it is scooped out with a spoon and put in the 3000 rnl flask. The glassware is quickly assembled as shown in Figure 12, with the 3000 ml flask sitting in a pan. Water flow through the condenser is begun, and 300 ml of absolute ethyl alcohol is put in the sep funnel. The same precautions as described earlier are used to keep the alcohol free of water. As the alcohol is allowed to flow in onto the sodium, the reaction is kept under control by putting cold water in the pan and wrapping the flask in a wet towel. When the reaction is under control, more alcohol is added until a total of 1500 ml has been added. The alcohol is gently boiled until the sodium metal is dissolved. Now the chemist mixes 500 grams of benzyl cyanide with 575 grams of ethyl acetate and stops the heating of the ethanol solution. Just as it stops boiling, the mixture of ethyl acetate and benzyl cyanide is added
with good magnetic stirring. This addition takes about 15 minutes. The stirring is continued for about 10 minutes after the addition is complete, then the mixture is heated in a steam bath or in a pan of boiling water for about 2 hours. Then it is taken out of the heat and allowed to sit overnight, or at least for a few hours. The underground chemist has just made the sodium salt of phenylacetacetonitrile. To collect it, he cools the flask in a mixture of salt and ice. With a clean wooden stick, he breaks up the chunks of crystals that have formed, as the flask is cooling down. When it reaches -10øC, he keeps it at this temperature for a couple of hours, then filters out the crystals. They are rinsed a couple of times with ether, then, while still wet with ether, added to a large flask or beaker containing 2000 ml of water. They are dissolved by stirring, then the flask or beaker is cooled down to 0øC by packing it in ice mixed with salt. When it reaches this temperature, 200 ml of glacial acetic acid is added to it with vigorous stirring. The chemist must make sure that the temperature does not go up more than a few degrees while he is adding it. He has now made phenylacetacetonitrile. He filters the crystals off it and rinses them a few times with water. The crystals must now be kept moist in order for them to be turned into phenylacetone. All is now ready for producing phenylacetone from these crystals. In a 2000 ml flask, he puts 700 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid. It is cooled down to -10ø C by packing the flask in a mixture of salt and ice, then magnetic stirring is begun. The crystals are slowly added to the sulfuric acid. They must be moist, or he will get a mess. It takes about an hour to add the crystals to the sulfuric acid. Once they are added, the flask is heated in a pan of boiling water and swirled around to dissolve the crystals. After they have dissolved, the flask is heated for a couple more minutes, then removed from the pan of boiling water. It is cooled down slowly to 0ø C by first letting it cool down, then packing it in ice. The underground chemist puts 1700 ml of water in a 3000 ml flask. Half of the sulfuric acid solution is added to it. It is heated in a pan of boiling water for a couple of hours. It is given a couple of good shakes every 15 minutes. A layer of phenylacetone forms in the mixture. After 2 hours of heating, the mixture is poured into a gallon-size glass jug to cool off. Another 1700 ml of water is put in the flask and the rest of the chilled sulfuric acid solution is poured into it. It is also heated for 2 hours in a pan of boiling water, then poured into another glass jug. The chemist is ready to separate the phenylacetone from the water and distill it. The liquid in the first jug is slowly poured into a 1000 ml sep funnel until the sep funnel is full. Most of the phenylacetone layer will be in the sep funnel, because it is floating on top of the water. The water layer is drained back into the jug, and the phenylacetone layer is poured into a large beaker. He adds 300 ml of benzene to the jug, stoppers it and shakes it for 15 seconds. Then he stops and lets the layer of benzene containing phenylacetone float up to the surface. It is slowly poured into the sep funnel, and the water layer is drained back into the jug. The water is thrown away. This process is repeated with the other jug. This phenylacetone has some sulfuric acid in it. The chemist puts 150 ml of water in the 1000 ml sep funnel. He also pours half of the phenylacetone and benzene mixture he got from the two jugs into the sep funnel. He shakes it with the water to remove the sulfuric acid. The water is drained out, and the phenylacetone-benzene layer is poured into a 1000 ml round bottom flask. Another 150 ml of water is put into the sep funnel. It is shaken also, then the water layer is drained off. He pours as much of this benzene-phenylacetone mixture into the 1000 ml round bottom flask as he can until it reaches 2/3 full. The glassware is set up as shown in Figure 5 in Chapter 3, with a few boiling chips in the 1000 ml flask. The collecting flask is 250 ml. He distills off a couple of hundred ml of benzene to make room for the rest of the product. When there is some room, he turns off the heat and waits for the boiling to stop. Then the rest of the benzenephenylacetone mixture in the sep funnel is added to the 1000 ml flask. The distillation is continued until the benzene stops coming over. About 500 to 600 ml of benzene will be collected. When the rate of benzene distillation slows down to just about stopping, the heat is turned off and it is allowed to cool down. Then the last of the benzene is removed under a vacuum. When the benzene is gone, the collecting flask is changed to a 500 ml flask and the phenylacetone is distilled under a vacuum at the usual temperature range. The yield is about 300 ml of phenylacetone. Once the benzene is gone, virtually all of the material left in the flask is phenylacetone. If there is a high boiling residue, it is unchanged phenylacetacetonitrile. References Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 60, page 914 (1938). -------------------------------------------------------------------------- PHENYLACETONE VIA THE TUBE FURNACE -------------------------------------------------------------------------- The best way to produce phenylacetone on a large scale and continuous basis is by a catalyst bed inside a tube furnace. This has several advantages over the other methods described in this book. Cheap and very common acetic acid is used to react with phenylacetic acid instead of the expensive and more exotic acetic anhydride and pyridine. Use of the tube furnace frees up the glassware for use in other operations. The furnace requires very little attention while it is in operation, which allows the underground chemist to spend his time turning the phenylacetone into methamphetamine. There is no reason why this process cannot be used in small-scale production. It is just that its advantages really come out when large amounts of phenylacetone must be produced. In this process, a mixture of phenylacetic acid and glacial acetic acid is slowly dripped into a Pyrex combustion tube which is filled with pea-sized pumice stones covered with a coating of either thorium oxide or manganous oxide catalyst. This bed of catalyst is heated to a high temperature with a tube furnace and the vapors of phenylacetic acid and acetic acid react on the surface of the catalyst to produce ketones. Three reactions result. The acid mixture is prepared so that there are three molecules of acetic acid for every molecule of phenylacetic acid. This makes it much more likely that the valuable phenylacetic acid will react with acetic acid to produce phenylacetone rather than with another molecule of phenylacetic to produce the useless dibenzyl ketone. The vapors are kept moving in the catalyst tube by a slow stream of nitrogen and eventually the product comes out the far end of the catalyst tube. The vapors are then condensed and collected in a flask. The complete apparatus for doing this reaction is shown in Figure 13. The combustion tube is made of Pyrex and is about one meter long. It is about 2 centimeters in internal diameter, with a male 24/40 ground glass joint on one end and a female 24/40 ground glass joint on the other end. If the underground chemist cannot buy the tube with the glass joints already on it, there are many places which will weld these glass joints onto the tube. He can find such a place by asking around and checking the Yellow Pages. The tube furnace must be 70 centimeters in length. The only commercially available tube furnace that I know of is the Hoskins tube furnace. It is a fine furnace, but only 35 cm in length. Two of these would have to be run end-to-end to get the required 70 cm length. The cost, including a transformer for each of the furnaces, would be over $700. It is better and cheaper for the chemist to build his own tube furnace. The tube furnace starts with a section of thinwall iron tubing about 75 cm long and 3 to 3.2 cm in internal diameter. Thinwall iron tubing has a metal thickness of .024 inch. The outside of the tubing is wrapped with asbestos cloth or asbestos paper to a thickness of about 2 millimeters. Asbestos cloth or paper is available at hardware stores. Fifty feet of 28 gauge AWG nichrome wire is wrapped around the central 70 cm of the tube. The windings are made fairly taut so that the wire sinks slightly into the asbestos paper. Each winding is evenly spaced from the previous one, about 1/2 cm apart. One winding must not be allowed to come into contact with another, or there will be a short circuit. The outside of the tubing is insulated with 6 or 7 layers of asbestos paper or cloth. This insulation is held in place by using copper wire ligatures about 6 inches long, wrapped around the outside of the insulation, and tied at the ends to make it tight. The two ends of the nichrome wire are attached to insulated connectors (two of them) and then to a transformer. The Variac autotransformer is perfect for this job. It can adjust 115-volt house current anywhere from 140 volts down to zero. The transformer can handle 5 amps of current. The chemist picks up a couple of pumice foot stones (Dr. Scholl's are suitable) at the pharmacy. With a hammer and screw driver, he breaks them into round pieces somewhat smaller than a pea. Any sharp or protruding edges are knocked off. He makes enough of these pumice pebbles to fill the combustion tube for a length of 70 cm. The pumice must now be purified to remove traces of metals and other garbage. This prevents the catalyst from being poisoned. The pumice pebbles are put into a 1000 ml beaker along with a wad of glass wool (Angel Hair) somewhat larger than a fist. The glass wool will be going into the
combustion tube, so it must be cleaned off along with the pebbles. The glass wool is packed down. Then nitric acid is added until both the pumice and glass wool are covered. The beaker is put on an electric hot plate and the nitric acid boiled for half an hour. This converts metal impurities into soluble nitrates, and oxidizes other garbage. The nitric acid is all poured off and down the drain. The pumice and glass wool are then covered with distilled water and soaked for 5 minutes. This water is then drained off and replaced with more water. The water is boiled for 10 minutes, then drained off. This boiling water rinse is repeated two more times using distilled water. Finally, the water is drained out and the beaker laid on its side to drip out the last drops of water. The pumice pebbles are now ready to be coated with catalyst. About 450 ml of distilled water is put into a clean 1000 ml beaker. The chemist dissolves 276 grams of thorium nitrate into this water. In another clean beaker, he dissolves 106 grams of anhydrous sodium carbonate into 400 ml of distilled water. (He uses A.R. grade chemicals.) Slowly, and with constant stirring, the sodium carbonate solution is added to the thorium nitrate solution. Using a mechanical stirrer to stir the thorium nitrate solution is best, but a glass rod also works. Thorium nitrate reacts with sodium carbonate to make thorium carbonate and sodium nitrate. Thorium carbonate does not dissolve in water, so it forms a white precipitate. Sodium nitrate stays dissolved in water. The stirring is continued for a couple of minutes after all the sodium carbonate has been added, then it is allowed to settle. The thorium carbonate settles into a gooey gunk at the bottom of the beaker. As much of the water as possible is poured off. Then 600 ml of distilled water is added to the thorium carbonate and stirred around with a clean glass rod. The chemist makes sure that all the thorium carbonate gets into contact with the clean water, and that any lumps are broken up. This dissolves any remaining sodium nitrate. The thorium carbonate is allowed to settle again, then as much of the water as possible is poured off. Small amounts of distilled water are added and stirred in until a fairly thick paste is formed. Now the purified pumice pebbles are added and stirred around until they are all evenly coated with thorium carbonate. A Pyrex glass cake pan is placed on the electric hot plate. The heat is turned on to 1/4 maximum and about 1/8 of the coated pumice pebbles are added to the glass pan. They are heated there with constant stirring with a thick glass rod, so that the pieces dry out evenly. When the coated pumice pebbles no longer stick together, they are dry enough. They are transferred to a clean sheet and an equal amount of wet pumice pebbles are put in the cake pan. They are dried out like the first group of pebbles. This process is repeated until all the coated pumice pebbles are dry. Any white powder that failed to stick to the pumice is collected and saved in a glass jar. If it is later necessary to change the catalyst bed, this material is wetted and used to coat new pumice pebbles. A plug of the purified glass wool about 3 cm long is put into the combustion tube about 15 cm from the male end. This will hold the catalyst bed in place. The tube is filled up with the coated pumice pebbles for a length of 70 cm or so. A small plug of purified glass wool about 1 cm in length is put every 15 cm. This reduces the danger that tar building up on the pumice pebbles will block the tube. The tube is put inside the furnace. If two Hoskins tube furnaces are used end-to-end, the tube is insulated in the space between the two furnaces with several layers of asbestos paper or cloth. In this space, the tube is filled with loose glass wool. This space is not counted as part of the necessary 70 cm of catalyst bed. The apparatus is set up as shown in Figure 13. It is tilted at an angle of about 20 degrees, the end with the sep funnel being higher than the end with the collecting flask. The sep funnel has a one-hole stopper with a piece of glass tubing running through it almost all the way to the valve of the sep funnel. This is a constant pressure device that causes the contents of the sep funnel to drip into the tube at a constant rate, no matter what the level of the acids in the sep funnel at a particular instant. The sep funnel is connected to the female end of the vacuum adapter. The male end of the vacuum adapter is inserted into the female end of the combustion tube. The male end of the combustion tube is connected to a condenser. The condenser is connected to a vacuum adapter, and the vacuum adapter leads to a 500 ml round bottom flask. The glass joints are lightly greased and wired together where possible. The furnace must be supported to prevent its weight from bending the soon-to-become-soft hot glass tube. Clamps connected to ringstands are used to hold the other pieces in place. The vacuum adapter connected to the sep funnel is the nitrogen gas inlet. The underground chemist gets a tank of nitrogen at a welding supply shop. He has to make sure that he knows how to use the regulators. He runs a line of tubing from the tank to the "bubbler." The bubbler is shown in Figure 14. It is a bottle with a 2-hole stopper in the top. One hole has a section of glass tubing reaching nearly to the bottom of the bottle. The bottle has about an inch and a half of concentrated sulfuric acid in it. The purpose of the sulfuric acid is to dry the nitrogen gas and to show how fast it is bubbling into the apparatus. The other hole has a short section of glass tubing. Plastic tubing is attached to this tubing and leads to the vacuum nipple of the vacuum adapter. And now the time has come for the underground chemist to fire up the furnace. He places a thermometer capable of reading up to 450øC, or, better yet, a thermocouple, in the furnace against the outside of the glass tubing. (If his thermocouple did not come with wiring instructions, he can find the wiring diagram in the Encyclopedia Britannica and in many college-level physics textbooks.) The thermometer or thermocouple extends into the central regions of the furnace. The space at the end of the furnace between the outside of the glass tubing and the inside of the furnace's iron tubing is plugged up with pieces of asbestos paper or cloth to hold in the heat. He turns on the electricity to the furnace, and begins a slow stream of nitrogen (about one bubble per second) through the tube. He keeps a sheet listing the temperatures his furnace gets at various voltage settings on the transformer. Of course, it takes a while for the furnace to heat up to its true temperature at a given setting. Now the tube furnace is heated to 425-450øC, while the slow stream of nitrogen continues through the tube. The heat turns the thorium carbonate into thorium oxide. The heating continues for 12 hours, after which the catalyst is ready to produce phenylacetone. The chemist mixes 200 grams of phenylacetic acid with 250 ml of glacial acetic acid. He mixes them thoroughly, the phenylacetic acid dissolving easily in the glacial acetic acid. (Glacial acetic acid is the name for pure acetic acid; it is so called because it freezes at a little below room temperature.) This acid mixture is poured into the sep funnel and the funnel is stoppered with the one-hole stopper with the glass tubing constant pressure device. The temperature of the furnace is 425- 450ø C, and a one-bubble-per-second stream of nitrogen has been flowing through the tube for at least 2 hours. The valve on the sep funnel is opened so that about 20 drops of the acid mixture drip into the tube from the sep funnel every 30 seconds. A slow flow of water is put through the condenser to condense the ketones as they leave the furnace. The product collects in the 500 ml flask and the nitrogen gas exits through the vacuum nipple of the vacuum adapter connected to the condenser. If there is trouble condensing all the acetone, the 500 ml flask is packed in ice. It takes about 5 hours for all the acid to drip into the tube. When all the acid mixture has dripped in, 25 ml of acetic acid is added to the sep funnel and dripped in. This flushes the last of the product out of the catalyst bed. The product in the 500 ml flask consists of a lower water layer and a brown-colored organic layer on top. It is poured into a 1000 ml sep funnel; the water layer is then drained off into a clean beaker, and the organic layer is poured into another beaker. The water layer is put back into the sep funnel along with 50 ml of benzene, and the funnel is shaken. It is allowed to sit for a few minutes, then the lower water layer is drained off and thrown away. The benzene layer is poured in with the organic layer in the other beaker. The chemist is now ready to clean up the phenylacetone so that it can be distilled. He mixes up a supply of 10% sodium hydroxide solution by adding 10 ounces of lye to 3/4 gallon of water in a glass jug. He pours the organic layer into the sep funnel, adds 400 ml of the sodium hydroxide solution and shakes. The water layer is drained off into a clean beaker and the organic layer is poured into another beaker. The water layer is returned to the sep funnel and 75 ml of benzene added. The funnel is shaken, then the water layer is drained off and thrown away. The benzene layer is poured in with the organic layer. This is repeated three more times, then the phenylacetone is distilled as described in Chapter 3. The yield of phenylacetone is about 100 ml. The temperature of the furnace is raised to about 525øC, and a slow stream of air is drawn through the tube for two hours. The air is drawn through by turning off the nitrogen flow, opening up the valve of the sep funnel and attaching a vacuum hose to the vacuum nipple of the vacuum adapter on the 500 ml flask side of the apparatus. This air flow burns off built up crud on the catalyst and charges it up for another run. It is done after the first run, and then after every few batches. The furnace temperature is set at 425-450-ø C again and the flow of
nitrogen through the tube is resumed. It is flushed out for a couple of hours, then the sep funnel is filled with acid mix for another run. It is dripped in as before to get another batch of phenylacetone. In this way, phenylacetone can be produced on a continuous basis. If the homemade furnace has trouble reaching the necessary temperature, the chemist wraps it with more insulation. If that does not do enough, a lower temperature process can be used by replacing the thorium-oxide-coated pumice pebbles with manganous-oxidecoated pumice pebbles. The process goes as follows: The pumice pebbles are made and purified with nitric acid as described earlier. In a 1000 ml beaker, 70 grams of manganous chloride (MnCl2) is dissolved in 300 ml of distilled water. In another beaker, 38 grams of anhydrous sodium carbonate is dissolved in 500 rnl of distilled water. The sodium carbonate solution is slowly added to the manganous chloride solution with constant stirring. Manganous chloride reacts to form manganous carbonate, which does not dissolve in water and precipitates out. The manganous carbonate is filtered out in a Buchner funnel as described in Chapter 5. The crystals are rinsed with distilled water. The manganous carbonate is returned to a clean beaker and enough distilled water is added to make it into a fairly thick paste. If too much water is added, it does not stick well to the pumice. The pumice pebbles are stirred in until they are evenly coated. The beaker is heated on a hot plate while the pumice stones are vigorously stirred. Local overheating must be avoided or the catalyst will be ruined] When most of the water is evaporated, the catalyst is transferred to a Pyrex cake pan and gently heated on a hot plate. The pumice chips are stirred constantly to get even drying. When they no longer stick together, they are transferred to a clean sheet of paper. The chemist fills the combustion tube with the catalyst as before and sets up the apparatus. He heats the furnace to 360-400øC while passing a stream of nitrogen through the tube. This converts the manganous carbonate to manganous oxide (MnO). This heating is continued for 8 hours. Then the heat is reduced to 350øC, while the stream of nitrogen is continued at a rate of one bubble per second. When 350øC is reached, he drips in the same phenylacetic acid-acetic acid mixture used earlier in this chapter. The correct rate is 20 drops every 30 seconds. When it has all dripped in, he adds 25 ml of acetic acid to the sep funnel and drips it in. He then either adds more acid mix to the sep funnel for another run, or shuts down the furnace. If he shuts down the furnace, he must continue the flow of nitrogen through the tube until it has cooled off. This prevents the MnO catalyst from being oxidized to MnO2, etc. When he turns it back on, he must immediately start the nitrogen flow for the same reason. The product is purified in the same way as described earlier in this chapter. Since no air is sucked through the tube at high temperature, gunk builds up on the catalyst and eventually puts it out of commission. When this happens, the catalyst bed is changed. The yield using the manganous oxide catalyst bed is not as good as that using the thorium oxide catalyst bed. Thorium oxide is used, unless the chemist has no choice. A somewhat more complicated way to do this reaction is to use what is called a thorium oxide "aerogel" catalyst. A lower temperature and a higher rate of production are possible. For more information about it, see Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, published in 1934, Volume 20, pages 388 and 1014. References Journal of the Chemistry Society, page 612 (1948); page 171 (1940). -------------------------------------------------------------------------- MAKING PHENYLACETONE -------------------------------------------------------------------------- There are many other methods of making phenylacetone described in the scientific literature. Most of them are dogs, not worth the time and effort. But there are some good methods of making phenylacetone that I have not yet described. An acceptable method is to oxidize methyl benzyl carbinol (1-phenyl-2-propanol) to phenylacetone (methyl benzyl ketone) with chrome oxide (CrO3) in pyridine solvent. The problem with this is that methyl benzyl carbinol is not commercially available, and so must be made from benzyl chloride grignard reagent and acetaldehyde. This grignard works well, although there can be a problem getting unreacted benzyl chloride out of the product. Their boiling points are very close, so distillation does not separate them completely. But the real question is: Why make the synthesis of phenylacetone a two-step process when it can be done with one reaction? Another two-step method of making phenylacetone is to make benzyl cyanide from benzyl chloride and sodium cyanide, and then make the benzyl cyanide into phenylacetone by the method described in Chapter 7. The way to make benzyl cyanide can be found in Organic Syntheses, Collection Volumes I, II and III. Benzyl cyanide is listed in the table of contents. A good way to make phenylacetone is to react methyl zinc reagent with phenylacetyl chloride. Methyl zinc reagent is made by reacting methyl iodide with zinc metal, or by adding zinc chloride to methyl grignard reagent. It is not an especially difficult reaction to do, and the yields are very good. The problem is that phenylacetyl chloride is expensive and hard to find, although it can be made from phenylacetic acid and thionyl chloride SOCl2. In what is actually the best method of making phenylacetone, two molecules of methyllithium react with phenylacetic acid to produce phenylacetone, or one molecule of methyllithium reacts with one molecule of the lithium salt of phenylacetic acid to produce phenylacetone. This reaction is done in anhydrous ethyl ether under an atmosphere of nitrogen. However, organolithium reagents burst into flame upon contact with air. Although methyllithium is not so bad in this respect as t-butyllithium, organolithium reagents are dangerous to handle. But, apart from the element of danger, this is the best way to make phenylacetone. The high cost of lithium is offset by the high yields of product. This reaction comes in especially handy in building up the substituted phenylacetones used to make the psychedelic amphetamine derivatives, such as STP or trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA). Another good way to make phenylacetone is to react phenylacetyl chloride with the ethoxymagnesium derivative of dimethyl malonate. Hydrolysis with acid then produces phenylacetone. This reaction is described in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 70, page 4214, (1948). This can be found in any good college library. Another good method of making phenylacetone is to use a method called the Knoevenagel reaction. In this method, the starting material is benzaldehyde. The advantages to being able to use a wide variety of starting materials to produce phenylacetone are obvious. A temporary shortage of one chemical is not sufficient to cripple an underground chemist's operation. He can also vary his chemical purchases so that there is not a big run on one particular set of ingredients, which could lead to suspiciousness and snooping. This reaction is fairly easy to do, and is pretty hard to mess up, so long as some basic precautions are taken. The underground chemist does his best to make sure that his glassware is dry, and the alcohol used is absolute (100% with no water). He must also do the processing of this material quickly, because the nitroalkene which is formed in the first phase of this reaction will not keep. The reaction goes like this: Benzaldehyde reacts with nitroethane in an alcohol solution with n-butylamine catalyst to produce a crystalline substance called a nitroalkene. This nitroalkene can then be reduced by means of iron and HCl to produce phenylacetone. The reduction is similar to the use of activated aluminum in the reaction to produce methamphetamine without the bomb, in that the metal, in this case iron, dissolves and produces hydrogen which reduces the nitroalkene. It is not as complicated as it sounds, and is pretty easy to do. The nitroalkene is first reduced to phenylacetone oxime, which is then hydrolyzed to phenylacetone. You may wonder, looking at the structure of the nitroalkene molecule, if it is not possible to reduce it directly to the prototype amphetamine, benzedrine. The answer is yes. In fact, one method of making the psychedelic amphetamines such as MDA is to get the properly substituted benzaldehyde (in the case of MDA the proper benzaldehyde is called piperonal) and reduce it using a hydrogenation bomb and Raney nickel, or by use of lithium aluminum hydride. Another good method for reducing the nitroalkene directly to amphetamine is to use zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid in alcohol solvent. A still better method for direct reduction of the nitroalkene to amphetamine is to use palladium black on charcoal in the champagne bottle hydrogenation bomb seen in Figure 17 in Chapter 11. Directions for making palladium black on charcoal are found in the Meth from Ephedrine chapter. A few grams of catalyst per hundred grams of nitroalkene works nicely. Reaction conditions are room temp at a hydrogen pressure of 30 pounds. Hydrogenation is complete in 5 to 10 hours, and the solvent is 190 proof vodka. Best results are obtained if the nitroalkene is purified by recrystallizing the crude product from alcohol prior to reduction. This reaction is done as follows: Into a clean, dry 3000 ml round bottom flask is placed 400 ml of absolute alcohol, 20 ml of nbutylamine, 428 grams of benzaldehyde, and 300 grams of nitroethene. The underground chemist sets up the glassware for refluxing as shown in Figure 2b in Chapter 3. He includes the drying tube with Drierite as shown in Figure 2a. He swirls around the flask to mix the contents, then sets the flask on a hot plate and begins heating it. The water flowing through the condenser
should be fairly cool, to be sure of condensing the alcohol vapors. A good, gentle rate of boiling is what he aims for. He continues the boiling for 8 hours. The solution will turn yellow. He makes sure that his chemicals, especially the nitroethane, are of a good grade. Nitroethane is widely used in the paint and varnish industry as a solvent for cellulose acetate lacquers, vinyl resins, nitrocellulose, waxes and dyes. If he has the industrial grade, he first distills it before use. Benzaldehyde smells like bitter oil of almonds and should be clear. Benzaldehyde is used in flavorings and perfumes. When the 8 hours of boiling is done, he turns off the heat and lets the flask cool down. Once crystals begin to appear, he takes off the condenser and begins stirring the solution with a glass rod. He continues the stirring, and transfers the flask to a sink of cool water to help speed the cooling. He continues the stirring until the mass of crystals becomes too thick to stir, or the flask is cooled off. The idea of the stirring is to prevent the batch from setting into one solid mass of crystals. The crystals should be yellow in color. He now proceeds to purify this 1-phenyl-2-nitropropene. The simplest way to do this is to add ethyl ether to the crystals until a slurry is formed (about 500 ml) and then break up any lumps of crystals with a glass rod. He then filters the slurry through a large coffee filter and squeezes the mass to force out as much of the ether as possible. Along with the ether, he will be removing most of the unreacted benzaldehyde and nitroethene. The crystals will still be yellow, but they will no longer be sticky and gooey. If he still smells n-butyl amine on them, he may rinse them with ether again. A better way to clean up these crystals is to recrystallize them. In large batches like this one, it is a lot of work and he must make provisions for exhausting the fumes to the outside to prevent the danger of explosion, but he will get a cleaner product. It is done as follows: To the crystals which have been rinsed off with ether and returned to a cleaned, dry 2000 ml round bottom flask, he adds just enough hot petroleum ether to dissolve the crystals. This takes in the neighborhood of 700 ml of petroleum ether. Any type of petroleum ether will do. If he has access to hexane from some industrial source, that will do fine. Petroleum ether is flammable, so the way he makes the ether hot is to place the flask with the crystals into a pan of hot water, and to begin adding the petroleum ether to it. He swirls it around while adding the petroleum ether and keeps adding ether until the crystals are dissolved. The result will be a clear yellow solution. Now he records how much petroleum ether he added and places the flask on the hot plate and sets up the glassware for simple distillation as shown in Figure 3 in Chapter 3. A 500 ml flask is fine for the receiving flask. He turns on the heat to the solution, begins water flow through the condenser and distills off about 1/3 of the ether he added to the crystals to dissolve them. When 1/3 of the ether is distilled off, he removes the flask from the heat, and cools it off in cool water, followed by ice water. He doesn't want to place the flask immediately into ice water, because it might crack. Now, as the petroleum ether cools off, it will no longer be able to dissolve the crystals, and they will re-form in much cleaner shape because the garbage which is polluting them will stay dissolved in the petroleum ether. Once the petroleum ether is cold, he filters the crystals through a filtering funnel the same way it was described in Chapter 5. He places the crystals out to dry on a glass or china plate, and returns the yellow petroleum ether solution which filtered through to the distilling flask. This solution still contains a good deal of crystals dissolved in it. He sets up the glassware as before and distills off another i/3 of the petroleum ether, then cools off the flask as before. Once again, crystals will form, although they will not be of as high quality as the first crop. He filters them as before, and returns the ether to the distilling flask. Now he distills off about % as much petroleum ether as before, then cools off the flask and waits for the crystals to form. This will be his last crop of crystals. He filters them and sets them out to dry. The total amount of crystals he will get will be about 420 grams. The underground chemist must now proceed to reduce these crystals of 1-phenyl-2-nitropropene to phenylacetone. If he lets them sit around, they will begin to poIymerize into a black, gooey mess (though he can delay them going bad by putting them in the freezer). Into a clean 3000 ml flask, he places 164 grams of the nitroalkene crystals he just made. To that he adds 750 ml of distilled water, 400 grams of cast iron turnings about '/40 inch in size, and four grams of iron chloride (FeCl3). The flask is placed in a glass dish large enough to hold it, and cooking oil is added to the dish so that it reaches about half way up the sides of the flask. He places the flask with the dish of oil onto a hot plate, and heats the oil to about 105ø C. He puts a mechanical stirrer into the flask with a glass rod and Teflon stirring paddle, and begins stirring the mixture in the flask. Once the temperature of the contents of the flask nears 80ø C, he measures out 750 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid. He adds it slowly to the flask over a period of 5 hours. The iron will slowly react with the acid and dissolve, producing hydrogen which will reduce the nitroalkene to phenylacetone oxime. The oxime then reacts with more water and HCl to give phenylacetone. When the acid has all been added, he removes the flask from the heat and lets it cool down. Then he mixes up 350 grams of sodium hydroxide or I ye in 1000 ml of water. Once they have both cooled down, he adds the sodium hydroxide solution to the 3000 ml flask and swirls it around. He will now distill out the phenylacetone with steam. He adds a few pumice boiling chips to the 3000 ml flask, and places it on the hot plate. He sets up the glassware for simple distillation (not fractional distillation) as shown in Chapter 3. A 1000 ml flask will do fine for the receiving flask. He heats the 3000 ml flask until it boils. The steam from the water in the flask will carry the phenylacetone along with it and deposit them both in the 1000 ml flask. A reasonable flow of about 1 gallon per minute is enough water flowing through the condenser. The liquid collecting in the receiving flask has 2 layers, a lower layer of water, and floating on top of that a yellowish layer of phenylacetone. He continues boiling the 3000 ml flask until no more phenylacetone is coming over with the steam. The 1000 ml flask will be nearly full of water and phenylacetone when the process is finished. Now he pours both layers into a 1000 ml sep funnel. He drains off the lower layer of water into a beaker. He pours the top layer of phenylacetone into a 500 ml flask. Now he takes the water layer and returns it to the sep funnel. He adds 200 ml of benzene and shakes it up. He lets it sit for a while, then drains off the lower layer of water and throws it out. He pours the benzene layer into the 500 ml flask along with the phenylacetone. He can now either distill the phenylacetone as described in Chapter 3, or reduce more of the nitroalkene. If he chooses to distill each run separately, he will get about 130 ml of phenylacetone from each run. The steam distillation can be omitted if a lower grade of phenylacetone is acceptable. To do this, the chemist simply filters the reaction mixture, after it has been treated with sodium hydroxide, through a one inch thick plug of angel's hair. Then he extracts out the phenylacetone by adding a couple hundred mls of toluene (available at the hardware store in the paint section), and separating off the phenylacetone-toluene layer floating on top with a sep funnel. A more careful fractional distillation of the resulting mixture gives phenylacetone that is almost as pure as with the steam distillation. One of the best articles written on the Knoevenagel reaction in the English language is in the Journal of Organic Chemistry, Volume 15, pages 8 to 14. Another reference is Organic Reactions, Volume 15. Method 2 This variation of the Knoevenagel reaction will give somewhat higher yields of product than the preceding method. The reason for the higher yield is the use in this method of toluene as solvent, and the placement of a Dean Stark trap above the flask to remove water from the mixture as it is formed. Removal of water favors the formation of greater quantities of nitroalkene. To do the reaction, a 1000 ml round bottom flask is filled, in this order, with 200 ml of toluene, 100 ml of benzaldehyde, 90 grams (86 ml) of nitroethane, and 20 ml of butylamine. It is a good idea to swirl the flask after adding each ingredient to prevent layers from forming. Next the flask is placed on a one burner electric buffet range with infinite control, and the glassware is set up as shown in Figure 15. The Dean Stark trap is attached to the flask, and a condenser is attached to the Dean Stark trap. Then the buffet range is turned on at a heat setting high enough to produce a rapid boiling of the toluene, and cold water is flowed through the condenser. As the reaction is progressing, the vapors of toluene carry water along with them, and when they turn back to liquids in the condenser, the water will settle in the trap portion of the Dean Stark trap because water is heavier than toluene. You will also note a milky appearance to the toluene due to suspended water in it. The trap portion of the Dean Stark trap is graduated in milliliters. This allows you to keep track of how much water has been collected. Half of the water is collected in the first hour, and the full amount (18 ml) is collected after five hours of boiling. When this is done, the heat is removed, and the flask allowed to cool. This phase of the reaction has just made the nitroalkene. One should wish to collect the nitroalkene for direct reduction to amphetamine, one just needs to remove the Dean Stark trap, rig the flask for simple distillation as shown in Figure 3, and remove the toluene under a vacuum from an aspirator, using gentle heating from a hot water bath. it
should be noted that the nitroalkene has a slight tear gassing effect upon the eyes, and also irritates the skin. Do not use the stuff as a body balm. If phenylacetone is desired from the nitroalkene, the toluene solution produced in the reaction is used directly in the next step. Once it has cooled down, it is poured into a 2000 ml 3 necked flask. Then into the 3 necked flask is added 500 ml of water, 200 grams of iron powder (40 to 100 meth), and 4 grams of ferric chloride (FeCl3). Then into the center neck of the flask is put a mechanical stirrer reaching almost to the bottom of the flask. There should be a tight seal so that the ensuing vapors of toluene when the flask is heated do not escape by this route. A good condenser is attached to one of the other necks, and a sep funnel, or dropping funnel with matching ground glass joint is put into the remaining neck. With vigorous stirring, the contents of the flask are heated to about 75øC, and 360ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to the flask by means of dripping it into the mix through the sep funnel over a 2 hour period. The reaction mixture will boil vigorously. The heating and stirring are continued for an additional half hour after the last of the hydrochloric acid has been added. Next it is time to get the phenylacetone out of the reaction mixture. Once the flask has cooled down, the iron is filtered out by pouring it through the plug of angel hair described earlier in this chapter. It is a good idea to rinse down the trapped iron powder with a dash of toluene to get any clinging phenylacetone off of it. Then the toluene layer is separated using a sep funnel. It is poured into a round bottom flask. The water layer has about 100 ml of toluene added to it, and this is shaken to draw suspended phenylacetone into the toluene. The toluene layer is then separated and added to the aforementioned round bottom flask. It is then rigged for fractional distillation as shown in Figure 5. The toluene distills off first as the toluene-water azeotrope at 85øC, and then as pure toluene at 110øC. Once the toluene is mostly gone, vacuum is applied, and phenylacetone is collected at the usual temperature range. The yield is about 120 ml of phenylacetone. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- A New Breakthrough: Phenylacetone From Allylbenzene -------------------------------------------------------------------------- In 1987, an exciting breakthrough in the field of methamphetamine manufacture occurred. This new development was so important because it promised to completely turn the tables on the DEA-led chemical blockaders and controllers. The new discovery was a patent issued in that year covering a simple and quick method for converting allylbenzene into phenylacetone. This method is exquisitely suited for clandestine operations, and is easily scaled up to industrial proportions. The extreme importance of this discovery can be appreciated by a quick review of the chemical supply situation. Phenylacetic acid is now next to impossible to obtain, with the exception of purchasing it from narco swine front operations. It is reliably made fiom benzyl chloride by the directions given in Organic Syntheses, but this is a hasslesome and very stinky operation. A large scale phenylacetic acid production operation will not go unnoticed by meddlesome neighbors. Furthermore, the cooks will carry the evidence on their bodies and clothing for weeks after they have done their dirty deeds. Turned up noses will follow them wherever they go! An alternative and very popular route to methamphetamine featuring the conversion of ephedrine into methamphetamine via chlorephedrine has been similarly, but less successfully, crimped upon. Here the chemical pinch points have been phosphorus and palladium black on charcoal. This method of making methamphetamine was left out of the original edition because of the noxious nature of the impurities caused by this reaction. They can be easily carried into the final product if proper care is not taken in purification. Much of the garbage crank now seen on the streets is made by this method and contains unreacted chlorephedrine along with related filth. This chlorinated filth causes a vague "poisoned" feeling as a result of taking it. Dull aches in the liver and kidney areas can be felt. This slop also ruins the more subtle and finer qualities of methamphetamine. This edition will describe how ephedrine is converted into methamphetamine, with special emphasis given to the key steps in removing the noxious byproducts from the final product. The new method of producing phenylacetone from allylbenzene completely bypasses the roadblock put up by the narco swine. Allylbenzene is in itself rather overpriced and possibly the subject of central scrutinizer suspicion. However, for the resourceful manufacturer it is easily made either in quantitative (100%) yields and pristine purity by the reaction of arylcopper and allyl bromide, or at bargain basement prices in carload amounts by the direct Freidel-Crafts reaction between benzene and allyl bromide. Add to this the possibility of producing amphetamine directly from allylbenzene by the Ritter reaction, and the position of the chemical controllers becomes hopelessly complicated. The sure result is the prospect of floodgates opened wide to massive amphetamine production. This new reaction can be done in any one of several closely related ways, each with excellent results. In each of its variations, the overall path of the reaction is to turn allylbenzene into phenylacetone: The reaction appears to work in the following manner: Allylbenzene reacts with two molecules of methyl or ethyl nitrite in alcohol solvent to produce an intermediate product: This intermediate product then reacts with water to give phenylacetone. A key feature of this reaction is its use of palladium chloride as a catalyst. Because of the high cost of palladium salts, the inventors of the patent went to great lengths to find ways to make less of it go further. They discovered that by adding some copper chloride or trimethylamine into the reaction mixture, the amount of palladium used could be greatly cut. The drawback to this is that the yield of phenylacetone goes down a little bit. Both variations will be described here. A potentially serious problem looms in the path of those who would like to give this reaction a try. The problem is that alkyl nitrites such as methyl or ethyl nitrite are not easily purchased. The reason for this is their use in products which were formerly on sale under such names as "Rush," "Locker Room," or "Jock Aroma." Inhaling this class of substances produces an intense head rush, and disorientation. In many states, these substances are now classified as controlled substances. In all cases, this properly necessitates great care on the part of the chemist in handling this material, lest he be overcome. These nitrites are easily made in large alcohol and the nitrite exists. For example, if butyl nitrite is used with ethyl alcohol, one could end up with a mixture containing some butyl alcohol and ethyl nitrite. The reason for the use of methyl or ethyl nitrite in this reaction is two-fold. First of all, the matching alcohols are very easily picked up at the hardware or liquor stores. The second reason is that the methyl and ethyl nitrites give a little higher yields at lower temperatures. For example, methyl nitrite gives 90% yield of phenylacetone at a reaction temperature of room temperature. Butyl nitrite, on the other hand, gives a 87% yield at a temperature of 55øC. The possibility of running a batch at room temperature makes bathtub size production easy to envision. The drawback to use of methyl or ethyl nitrites comes from their low boiling points. Methyl nitrite is a gas with a boiling point of -12øC. Ethyl nitrite boils at 16.5øC, which is below usual room temperature. Even cooled well below that point, one could count on it giving off a powerful aroma. The solution to this problem is to dissolve the nitrite into several volumes of its corresponding anhydrous alcohol, and then store the solution in a tightly stoppered bottle in a freezer. This stock alcohol solution is then added to the reaction mixture when its time comes. This still leaves the difficult problem of "catching" these nitrites with a condenser when one makes them in the first place. For these reasons, the most practical nitrite to use in this reaction may well be butyl nitrite. Its boiling point of 78øC makes handling it an easy matter. The lucky experimenter may also be able to purchase it directly off the shelf in the form of "Rush" type inhalers. If the underground chemists forego a simple recycling procedure at the end of the rreaction, then the butyl nitrite can be used with the easily available methyl or ethyl alcohols. All things considered, this may be the best choice for the clandestine operation. Besides, butyl alcohol smells awful, and is expensive. The setup needed to run this reaction is simplicity itself. The primary requirement is a glass container to hold the reactants. For the size of batch we will be discussing, a 5000 ml round bottom flask or a one gallon wine jug perform admirably. For scaled up production, a 5 gallon office water cooler carboy fits the bill nicely. The second requirement is a stirring device. For the size of batch amounts, however, so any serious manufacture operation can quickly stockpile enough in the freezer to supply a massive output. Later in the chapter, I will describe how nitrites are made. The alcohols which are best used in this reaction are either methyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol. Methyl alcohol, also known as wood alcohol or methanol, is easily and cheaply purchased in the paint section of the hardware store. Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, is best purchased as 190 proof vodka. As such it contains 5% water, but since water is needed for the hydrolysis stage of the reaction, this presents no problem. In all cases, it is best to use the alcohol which has the same number of carbon atoms in it as the nitrite uses. For example, methyl alcohol is used with methyl nitrite, and ethyl alcohol with ethyl nitrite. If the number of carbons match between the nitrite and the alcohol, this makes recycling the alcohol and unreacted nitrite at the end of the reaction a much simpler matter. The patent does not specify why this is the case, but I am led to suspect that the possibility of exchange between the
discussed here, a magnetic stirrer is perfect. For the larger production levels, at mechanical stirring rig is advisable. The need for good stirring is brought about by the fact that the palladium catalysts are not readily soluble in alcohol. They do dissolve well in water, but since water is a small fraction of the total solution, the underground chemist can't count on it all dissolving as the reaction is run. Good agitation brings any undissolved palladium up into contact with the solution. It does little good sitting on the bottom of the flask. To turn out a two mole batch (i.e., a little over 200 ml of phenylacetone product) by the first, palladium-wasteful method, the following method is used: Into the glass reaction vessel is placed three liters of either methyl or ethyl alcohol. To this is added 236 grams (262 ml) of allylbenzene. If methyl alcohol is used, 750 ml of water is then added. If 190 proof spirit is used, then only 630 ml of water is added because it already contains 5% water. Then 28 grams of palladium chloride is added. The adventuresome experimenter may dissolve the palladium chloride into the water added to the reaction instead of putting them in separately. This converts the PdCl2 into the hydrate, which is much more soluble in the water portion of the solution. Next, the temperature of the mixture is brought up to the correct level. For butyl nitrite, the temperature of 55øC is reached by using hot water, steam, or heating tape. If a wine jug is the reaction vessel, care is used in rapid and uneven heating, as this could crack the glass. This is the reason why chemical glassware is made of Pyrex. When the correct temperature is reached, 5 moles of nitrite is added with the stirring going full blast. For butyl nitrite, this amounts to 515 grams, or 570 ml. Almost immediately, the mixture begins bubbling. This buWling is NO gas being given off as a byproduct of the reaction. It combines quickly with air to form NO2, the reddish poisonous gas so familiar to those who have botched batches of explosives. Tubing, or similar gas venting devices, are attached to the flask to carry this gas outside, or down the drain with the vacuum of an aspirator. After the bubbling subsides in a couple of hours, the reaction is finished. Underground chemists now turn their efforts to getting the palladium back for reuse, and isolating the phenylacetone product. The first step in this phase is to filter the solution to get back the undissolved palladium chloride for reuse in the next batches. The alcohol-water-nitrite components of the reaction mixture are then distilled off under a vacuum. The best way to do this is with a fractionating set-up similar to the one shown in Figure 5 in Chapter 3. With the large amount of solution to be processed, it is wise to use a 3000 or 2000 ml round bottom flask on the distilling side. When about half the original load of mixture has been distilled off, the vacuum is disconnected, and the distilling flask refilled with more of the reaction mixture. Then the vacuum is reapplied and the distillation continued. This process is repeated until all the original reaction mixture fits into the distilling flask. Distillation is continued until the volume of the solution is reduced to between 300 and 400 ml. Next the solution is filtered again to get the rest of the palladium chloride back. The palladium is rinsed with a little alcohol, and the rinsing added to the rest of the filtered crude product. The crude product is poured into a 500 ml round bottom flask, and distilled under vacuum as described in Chapta 3. The yield is nearly 250 ml of phenylacetone. To use the palladium-conserving method of production, the method described above is used. The only difference is that the PdC12 is replaced by a mixture of 1.8 grams of PdCl2, and 5 grams of CuCl. Yield in this case is more like 80%, or a little over 200 ml of phenylacetone. Preparation of Nitrites Butyl Nitrite Since butyl nitrite is the nitrous acid ester of n-butanol, it is not surprising that it is easily made by bringing nitrous acid into contact with n-butanol in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst. Nitrous acid is not used directly because it is unstable. Instead it is generated in the reaction flask by allowing excess sulfuric acid to react with sodium nitrite in the mixture. The main precaution taken while running this reaction is to ensure that the temperature of the mixture does not rise above the prescribed limits. To make butyl nitrite, a 1000 ml 3 necked flask is equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a sep funnel with a stem that leads as close to the danger zone caused by the whirling stirrer blades as possible, and a thermometer. (See Figure 16.) The thermometer is also placed close to the stirring blade danger zone so that it measures the temperature of the solution in the critical initial mixing area. The stirring blades are made of Teflon so that they can stand up to the sulfuric acid used here. The metal rod to which it attaches is similarly coated with Teflon. An electric drill rigged up above the flask is OK for spinning the stirring blades. Magnetic stirring is not strong enough here because of the heavy precipitate of sodium sulfate crystals which forms as the result of this reaction. The thermometer is secured into place by boring a suitable sized hole into a cork for the thermometer, and stuffing the cork into one of the necks of the flask. This prevents the reactants from splashing out while being stirred. To do the reaction, the chemist nestles the reaction flask into a mixture of ice and salt. About two parts ice to one part salt gives good results. The ice is crushed so that the individual cubes are no larger than a grape. The ice-salt mixture produces a cooling effect well below the 0ø C usually obtained from ice. Then the chemist puts 95 grams of sodium nitrite in the flask along with 375 ml of water. He stirs the mixture while following the temperature on the thermometer. Meanwhile in another beaker, he mixes up 25 ml of water, 34 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, and 114 ml of n-butanol (butan-1-ol). He puts this mixture into the freezer, and cools it to 0øC. When the temperature reading on the nitrite solution in the reaction vessel falls to 0øC or a little lower, the butanol-sulfuric acid mixture is introduced a little bit at a time through the sep funnel while the chemist maintains good mixing. It is added slowly enough that the temperature reading in the reaction vessel does not stray from the range of -1øC to +1øC. The beaker is stored in the freezer in between fill-ups of the sep funnel, so that this solution does not get warm. The entire addition takes about 45 minutes. After the addition has finished, the chemist continues stirring for a few minutes, then lets the mixture stand for an hour and a half. Next, he filters the solution using the Buchner funnel-vacuum flask set up shown in Figure 11 in Chapter 5. This filters out the sodium sulfate crystals formed in the reaction. He pours the filtrate into a 500 ml sep funnel, and waits for the upper yellow layer of crude butyl nitrite to fully form. This takes a few minutes. The lower acid water layer is then drained out of the sep funnel, leaving only the butyl nitrite layer in the funnel. The chemist mixes up a solution of I gram Arm & Hammer bicarb, and 12.5 grams of table salt in 50 ml water. He pours this solution into the sep funnel, and swirls well to get the two layers into contact. A fair amount of fizzing ensues as the bicarb destroys excess acid in the crude product. Then he stoppers the sep funnel with a cork, and shakes it vigorously. Periodically, he allows built up gas to escape. After shaking for a couple of minutes, he allows the sep funnel to sit. The layers form again. He drains off the wata layer, and pours the nitrite into a 250 ml beaker. He adds about 5 grams of anhydrous magnesium sulfate crystals to the beaker and stirs. This soaks up whatever water is dissolved in the nitrite. Anhydrous magnesium sulfate is made by baking epsom salts in a thin laya in a glass baking pan in an electric oven at 4 W F for a couple hours before use. It is used immediately, or allowed to cool down in a dessicator to prevent it from soaking up water from the air. The crude butyl nitrite can be used immediately as is. If there is going to be a delay before usage, it is decanted off the magnesium sulfate and distilled. Using a fractionating column, almost all of the product distills at about 77øC. The yield is about 110 grams (85% yield) of butyl nitrite. This product can be stored in a freeza for a couple of weeks before it goes bad. The colder the temperature, the better. Decomposition products include water, NO2, NO, butanol, and polymerization products of butyl aldehyde. This cheap and easy process is readily scaled up to fit any raw material demand the underground chemist may have. This substance is made in the same way as butyl nitrite, with a few variations. The nitrite-water solution in the flask has 76 grams sodium nitrite in 240 ml water. The alcohol-sulfuric acid solution is made by diluting 60 ml of absolute alcohol (65 ml of 190 proof vodka) with an equal volume of water. Then the chemist carefully adds 28 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid to it. He swirls while adding. Then he dilutes this solution to 240 ml total volume by adding water. He cools both solutions to about 10øC, and adds the alcohol-acid solution to the nitrite solution slowly with constant stirring over a period of about half an hour. He pours the reaction mixture into a chilled sep funnel, drains off the lower water-acid layer, and then quickly adds an ice cold mixture of I gram bicarb in 50 ml water to the nitrite layer. He quickly swirls and shakes, and drains off the water layer before the fumes become too intense. He dries the crude ethyl nitrite over about 5 grams of sodium sulfate, then
decants it into at least an equal volume of ethyl alcohol. The alcohol is absolute alcohol, and deep freezing is required for storage. It is used as soon as possible. Longer storage is possible if the crude material is distilled (b.p. 17øC). The difficulties attendant to this operation make this inadvisable for the underground lab, however. There is a way around the hasslesome purification procedure that will allow the underground chemist to use the ethyl nitrite he has made quickly and easily. The way to do this is to bubble the vapors of the ethyl nitrite into the reaction mixture. This method avoids the unpleasant and possibly dangerous procedure with the sep funnel and subsequent distillation. See Figure 8 back in Chapter 4 on N-methyl formamide. If in that figure, the methylamine containing flask instead contained the ethyl nitrite reaction mixture, and the formic acid containing flask instead had the allylbenzene and palladium chloride in alcohol needed for phenylacetone production, then one could easily picture how to get the ethyl nitrite vapors to directly bubble into the phenylacetone production mix without any need to manipulate the nitrite directly. To use this variation, the ethyl nitrite is first prepared as described above. The cold temperature is important to get best yields of the nitrite. Then the nitrite reaction mixture is poured into a suitable size round bottom flask, the glassware is set up as shown in Figure 8, and heat is applied to the nitrite mixture to bubble its vapors into the phenylacetone production reaction flask. Cold water should not be run through the condenser, as this may hold back the nitrite. Instead, the water should be room temperature. The nitrite solution will have to be heated to almost boiling to get the last of the nitrite to boil out of it. A yield of about 60 grams of ethyl nitrite can be expected from the directions given above. One could also use methyl nitrite in this variation by substituting methyl alcohol for ethyl alcohol. This would have the advantage of being easier to bubble out of the nitrite reaction mixture because the boiling point of methyl nitrite is -12Q C. This advantage is outweighed by the poisonous nature of methyl alcohol, and also by the difficulty one would have trying to keep it in solution while it is being made. It would be hard to estimate just how much of the methyl nitrite is actually getting into and staying in the phenylacetone reaction mixture. Allylbenzene Allylbenzene is best prepared by one of two routes. The method which gives nearly quantitative (100%) yields uses phenyllithium. This expensive and very reactive substance is made by reaction of bromobenzene with lithium metal in ether solution in a manner similar to producing a Grignard reagent. The underground chemist needs to be familiar with the use and production of lithium reagents before attempting this method. The great reactivity of lithium reagents presents many pitfalls. This method proceeds as follows: A suspension of 100 grams of cuprous bromide (CuBr) in anhydrous ether is treated with 670 ml of 1 molar phenyllithium. The CuBr becomes yellow and dissolves to give a brownish-red solution which then turns green. Phenylcopper precipitates as a white powder in 90% yield. The phenylcopper is then separated and reacted with a molar equivalent of allylbromide to give allylbenzene in 99% yield after water quenching and usual Grignard workup. A cheaper and more direct method uses bromobenzene Grignard reagent. Some precautions are important here. Firstly, bromobenzene is about the most difficult Grignard reagent to get started reacting. It is very sensitive to the presence of traces of water. Great care is taken in drying the glassware and the magnesium turnings. Nitrogen atmosphere is a must. With these precautions, a beautiful red bromobenzene Grignard reagent is prepared. Another important point is that bromobenzene finds use in making PCP. For this reason, it is on the watched list. Good directions for making bromobenzene are contained in Vogel 's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry. This fine book is must reading for everyone interested in underground chemistry. This bromobenzene Grignard reagent is then reacted with a solution of allyl bromide to give 82% yield of allylbenzene after quenching and workup. Complete details can be found in Helv. Chim. Acta, Vol. 17, page 352 (1934). The author is Hershberg. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Way Of The Bomb -------------------------------------------------------------------------- "Blessed be the bomb... and all its work." ð the mutants of Beneath the Planet of the Apes When underground chemists move up to industrial-scale manufacture of methamphetamine, it soon becomes obvious that the Leuckardt-Wallach reaction is not suitable for making large amounts. There are two reasons for this. N-methylformamide distills slowly, because of its high latent heat of vaporization. This makes the pro auction of large amounts of N-methylformamide a very time-consuming process. Secondly, the Leuckardt-Wallach reaction can take up to 48 hours to complete. To increase production, a faster method of turning phenylacetone into methamphetamine is necessary. Reacting phenylacetone with methylamine and hydrogen in an apparatus called a "bomb" is such a method. A bomb is a chemical pressure cooker where hydrogen gas is piped under pressure to react with the phenylacetone and methylamine. It is caed a bomb because sometimes reactions like this are done under thousands of pounds of pressure, and occasionally the bomb will blow up. This reaction is done under a pressure of only 3 atmospheres, 30 pounds per square inch greater than normal air pressure. so there's no danger of the hydrogenation bomb going off. This reaction is called reductive amination. It is not especially difficult to do, but it is necessary to have the hardware in proper working condition and to keep out materials that would poison the catalyst. Reductive amination is a quick, very clean and high-yield process. Phenylacetone reacts with methylamine to produce a Schiff's base and a molecule of water. This Schiff's base then reacts with hydrogen and Raney nickel catalyst and gets reduced to methamphetamine. To encourage the formation of this Schiff's base, the amount of water in the reaction mixture is held to less than 10%; 5% is even better. If the underground chemist is able to get methylamine gas in a cylinder, it is easy to control the amount of water in the reaction mixture, but 40% methylamine in water can be made to work with a little effort. Two main side reactions interfere with the production of methamphetamine in the hydrogenation bomb. They are both controlled by properly adjusting the conditions inside the bomb. The first side reaction is the reduction of the phenylacetone. The phenylacetone can react with hydrogen and Raney nickel instead of with methylamine. This side reaction is held to a minimum by not letting the hydrogen gas pressure get much above 30 psi. It is also controlled by encouraging the phenylacetone to react with methylamine instead. This is done by keeping the amount of water in the reaction mixture small, having enough methylamine around for it to react with, and running the reaction at the right temperature. The other side reaction that can be a problem is phenylacetone reacting with methamphetamine to produce a tertiary amine. This reaction is held to a minimum by having enough methylamine in the reaction mixture to tie up the phenylacetone, and by keeping the solution fairly diluted, so that they are less likely to bump into one another. If the chemist uses ready-made Raney nickel, which is sold as a suspension in absolute alcohol, then, if any problems arise, he knows that the catalyst is not at fault. But those who are old pros at this reaction can save money by making their own Raney nickel catalyst. A special alloy of approximately equal parts of aluminum and nickel is available for making Raney nickel catalyst. Here's how it's done. In a 2000 ml beaker, the chemist dissolves 190 grams of sodium hydroxide pellets in 750 ml distilled water. The solution is cooled down to 10ø C by packing the beaker in ice. He adds 150 grams of the nickel aluminum alloy to the sodium hydroxide solution. It is added slowly and with vigorous stirring. The temperature of the solution must not get above 25øC. The sodium hydroxide reacts with the aluminum in the alloy and dissolves it, producing aluminum hydroxide and hydrogen gas. The nickel is left as tiny black crystals. The hydrogen which bubbles out of the solution causes foaming, so the alloy is added slowly enough that the foaming doesn't get out of control. If that fails, 1 ml of n-octyl alcohol helps to break up the foam. It takes about 2 hours to add all the alloy to the sodium hydroxide. When all of the alloy has been added, the stirring is stopped and the beaker is removed from the ice bath. The bubbling of hydrogen gas from the solution continues as the beaker warms up to room temperature. Hydrogen gas is not poisonous, but it is very flammable. Smoking around it can cause an explosion. When the bubbling of hydrogen from the solution slows down, the beaker is set in a large pan of hot water. Then the water in the pan is slowly heated to boiling. This will get the hydrogen bubbling again, so it is heated on an electric heater in a well-ventilated area. This heating is continued for 12 hours. Distilled water is added to the beaker to maintain its original volume. After the 12 hours are up, the chemist removes the beaker from the boiling water bath and stirs it up. Then he allows the black Raney nickel catalyst to settle to the bottom of the beaker. He pours off as much of the sodium hydroxide solution as possible. The nickel is transferred to a 1000